Diseases of The Nervous System (unit 12) Flashcards
(99 cards)
1
Q
Cavities in the brain with cells that produce cerebral spinal fluid (CSF).
A
Ventricles
2
Q
Starts from two lateral ventricles through interventricular foramina into:
- 3rd ventricle- through cerebral aqueduct into
- 4th ventricle- Through lateral and medial apertures into
- Subarachnoid space of the brain and spinal cord.
A
CSF circulation
3
Q
After starting at the two lateral ventricles through the interventricular foramina, the CSF goes here.
A
The third ventricle
4
Q
From the third ventricle, the CSF goes through the cerebral aqueduct into the:
A
The 4th ventricle
5
Q
From the 4th ventricle, the CSF goes through the lateral and medial apertures into:
A
The subarachnoid space of the brain and spinal cord
6
Q
Injury to the brain.
- Concussion
- Contusion
- Laceration
- Intracranial (brain) hemorrhage
A
Brain trauma
7
Q
Loss of cerebral control following injury (fracture, laceration, cutting, wound, hemorrhage)
- Immediate and temporary disturbance of brain function, disruption of normal electrical activity.
A
Concussion
8
Q
- Blood leaking from the brain
- Injection of spinal fluid into the brain => molecular (chemical) disturbance
A
Results of concussions
9
Q
- Drowsiness, loss of coordination, slow pulse, convulsions, projectile vomiting, stupor, comatose.
A
Symptoms of concussions
10
Q
A bruise- crushing (compression) of the brain.
- Leads of hemorrhage
- Often accompanied by swelling
- Caused by fracture or trauma to the skull
A
Contusion
11
Q
A cutting wound that penetrates the skull.
- Results in hemorrhage, bleeding.
A
Laceration
12
Q
- Extradural (epidural) hemorrhage
- Subdural hemorrhage
- Subarachnoid hemorrhage
A
Types of Intracranial (brain) Hemorrhage
13
Q
Intracranial hemorrhage due to a fracture or trauma to the head.
- Bleeding => blood collects and proceeds down to the brain
- If unrelieved => death can occur in days or weeks.
A
Extradural (epidural) Hemorrhage
14
Q
Intracranial hemorrhage caused my a more severe fracture or injury.
- More rapid bleeding
- If unrelieved => death within a few days.
A
Subdural Hemorrhage
15
Q
Most severe intracranial hemorrhage, due to a laceration.
- Very rapid bleeding into the brain
- Death occurs within hours
A
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
16
Q
Inflammation of the membranes (meninges) of the brain and spinal cord.
- May affect any age group: newborn => elderly
A
Meningitis
17
Q
- Microorganisms that spread into blood and cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) into meninges => muscle paralysis => respiratory failure (diaphragm) within 12-24 hours.
- Viruses (most cases), fungi, protozoans, and cancers
A
Causes of meningitis
18
Q
A life threatening meningitis that may cause epidemic meningitis.
- Spread by respiratory secretions
A
Bacterial Meningitis (Neisseria meningitides)
19
Q
A type of meningitis that is common in people with impaired immune system (AIDS).
A
Fungal Meningitis
20
Q
- Headaches
- Stiff neck*
- Fever
- Photophobia
- Vomiting
A
Symptoms of meningitis
21
Q
Temporary lack of circulation to a part of the brain; may lead to ischemia.
- Mini-stroke (lasting minutes- hours).
- Warning sign for a stroke
A
Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)
22
Q
- Clot
- Narrowing (atherosclerosis)
- Blockage in carotid artery
A
Causes of Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)
23
Q
- Loss of sensation
- Loss of movement
- Loss of speech
- Loss of mental function or vision
- Generally disappear completely within 24 hours (after resumption of blood flow).
A
Symptoms of Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)
24
Q
Sudden death of some brain cells due to lack of oxygen caused by blockage or rupture of an artery in the brain => hemorrhage => softening of the brain => ischemia and infarction.
- Effect depends on the size of the hemorrhage
- 3rd leading cause of death
A
Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)
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- Arteriosclerosis
- High blood pressure
- Thrombus or embolus in cerebral blood vessel
- Aneurysm
Predisposing factors of cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
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- Most common is weakness or paralysis of one side of the body with partial or complete loss of voluntary movement or sensation in a leg or arm.
Symptom of cerebral vascular accident (CVA)
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Inflammation of the brain
Encephalitis
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- Bacteria (staph, strep)
- Viruses (Herpes, encephalitis virus)
- Complication of measles or chickenpox.
- Infections usually spread from upper respiratory tract, sinuses, ears, or eyes.
Cause of encephalitis
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Horse => mosquito => human
| - West nile virus
Equine encephalitis
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- Swelling of the brain
- Fever, headache, body aches, skin rash and swollen lymph nodes
- Severe infections - high fever, stiff neck, stupor (sleepiness), disorientation, coma, tremors, occasional convulsions, paralysis, and rarely death
- Death rates 3% to 15% (higher in elderly than in younger)
Symptoms of encephalitis
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Acute inflammation of the brain (encephalo-) and the spinal cord (myelo-).
- Can be caused by viruses which infect the nervous system.
Encephalomyelitis
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Occurs most commonly after acute viral infection such as measles (rubeola) => autoimmune attack on the nervous system.
Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis
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Late stages of syphilis; often affect the brain and spinal cord.
Neurosyphilis
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- Include general paresis (incomplete paralysis)
| - Can result in dementia, deafness, blindness, paralysis, insanity
Damage to the brain by neurosyphilis
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Tabes Dorsalis
Spinal cord damage by neurosyphilis
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Slowly progressive, degeneration of the spinal cord, results in locomotive ataxia.
Tabes Dorsalis
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Wobbliness
Ataxia
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Inflammation of a nerve or nerves.
Neuritis
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- Injury- compression, contusion
- Infection (tetanus, tuberculosis), inflammation
- Chemical poisoning (arsenic, lead), medication
- Neoplasm or stress
Etiology of neuritis
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- Headaches
- Hyperesthesia
- Paresthesia
- Dysesthesia
- Muscular atrophy of part supplied by affected nerve
- Paralysis
- Lack of reflexes
Symptoms of neuritis
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Hypersensitivity
Hyperesthesia
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Numbness, tingling
Paresthesia
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Painful sensation
Dysesthesia
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Mass of immune cells, pus, and other material draining into deeper brain tissue.
- Results in necrosis of healthy brain tissue
- encephalomalacia (brain softening)
Cerebral (brain) Abscess
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Necrosis of brain tissue
Encephalomalacia (brain softening)
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- Usually from bacterial (staph, strep, pesudomonas)
| - Bacteria can get to the brain from an injury, respiratory tract, ear or eye infection.
Cause of cerebral (brain) abscess
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Inflammation of the spinal cord.
- Highly infectious, mainly affects children under 5
- Spread through oral or fecal-oral route
Poliomyelitis
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Infantile paralysis
Polio
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- Fever, headache, sore throat, abdominal pain
- Stiffness of neck, trunk, extremities
- Atrophy of a group of muscle => contraction => permanent deformity
- Paralysis in hours (e.g. respiratory, GI tract or leg)
Results of Poliomyelitis
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Acute viral infection of the central nervous system of warm-blooded animals (wolves, cats, dogs).
- transmitted by bite of rabid animal (madness, rage, fury)
- If left untreated => 100% fatal in animals
Rabies
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- Hydrophobia
- Increase in saliva production
- Abnormal behavior
- Paralysis => respiratory failure => coma => death
Results of Rabies
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Fear of water, attempts to drink water trigger laryngeal spasm.
Hydrophobia
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Acute, infectious, life-threatening bacterial disease that affects the nervous system.
Tetanus
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Toxin produced by Clostridium tetani => toxin attaches to motor neurons.
- Found in animal feces, spores in soil
Cause of tetanus
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Leads to painful muscle contractions, particularly of the jaw (lockjaw) and the neck muscles.
Result of tetanus
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- Painful, uncontrolled contractions of skeletal muscles => gradually affects muscles of the esophagus, neck, back, arms, legs
- High fever
- Tachycardia
- Dysphagia
- Intense pain
Symptoms of tetanus
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Faster heartbeat.
Tachycardia
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Difficulty swallowing.
Dysphagia
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Chronic neurogenic disease marked by sudden alterations in consciousness and convulsions.
- A temporary lack of oxygen to vital brain centers
- Recurrent seizures of unknown origin
Epilepsy
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- Congenital abnormality of blood vessels in the brain.
| - Some disorders which block blood flow to the brain.
Predisposing factors for epilepsy
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- Petit mal seizure
| - Grand mal seizure
Types of epilepsy
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- Loss of consciousness, usually for a few seconds
| - No memory of the seizure, no complications
Petit mal seizure
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- Loss of consciousness, muscle rigidity, spasms of face, neck, arms, legs, person will thrash about.
- Generally lasts fir a few minutes
- No memory of the seizure
- May results in cyanosis, breathing difficulty, bitten tongue, excessive salivation, bloody froth or saliva
Grand mal seizure
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- Alzheimer's disease
- Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
- Parkinson's disease
- Multiple sclerosis
- Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
Degenerative Diseases of the CNS
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Progressive and fatal brain disease due to the formation of protein plaques, or tangles of nerve fibers that interfere with communication between nerve cells in the brain.
- Named for German physician Alois Alzheimer
- Most common type of dementia
Alzheimer's Disease
66
- Amnesia, impaired recognition, forgetfulness
- Emotional upsets, confusion, mood changes
- Inability to concentrate => inability to complete simple tasks
- Irritability, agitation, restlessness, depression, hostility
- Motor disturbances, muscle rigidity, paralysis, apraxia
Symptom's of Alzheimer's Disease
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Loss of short term memory.
Amnesia
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Skilled movements.
Apraxia
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In Alzheimer's Disease, external surface of the brain with widened sulci and narrowed gyri mostly over frontal and parietal regions.
Cerebral atrophy
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Lou Gehrig's Disease
- Caused by destruction of both upper and lower motor neurons (brain and spinal cord).
- More often affects middle-aged men, fatal within 5 years.
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
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- Cramps
- Muscle weakness and atrophy
- Uncontrollable twitching
Symptoms of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
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Degenerative disorder of the central nervous system basal ganglia (nuclei) causing faulty nerve signal transmission.
- Insufficient dopamine (neurotransmitter)
Parkinson's Disease
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- Environmental toxins, no hereditary basis
- Trauma (often affect boxers)
- Tumors
- Prior infections
- Drugs
- Atherosclerosis (more common)
Causes of Parkinson's Disease
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- "Tremors at rest", rigidity of muscles, weakness of muscles, a forward lean
- Slurred speech
- Digestive and urinary difficulty
- Hypotension
- In late stages: depression and dementia
Symptoms of Parkinson's disease
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Low blood pressure.
Hypotension
76
A chronic disease of the nervous system characterized by remissions and relapses and by the presence of patches of demyelination associated with sclerosis or hardening, scattered diffusely throughout the gray and white matter o the brain stem and spinal cord.
Multiple Sclerosis
77
T-lymphocytes and macrophages attach its own myelin
| - Causes softening of the spinal cord
Multiple sclerosis : autoimmune disease
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Protective sheath composed of lipids and proteins, around axons of some neurons.
Myelin
79
- Loss of coordination (1st symptom)
- Optic disturbances
- Tremors
- Disturbance in neural pathways
- local anesthesia and paralysis
- Respiratory problems
- Loss of bowel and bladder control
- Paralysis to the limbs
Symptoms of Multiple Sclerosis
80
A rare, degenerative brain disorder.
- Rapid development (6-12 months); incurable, ultimately fatal within 1 year.
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
81
- Probably due to a protein called a prion that folds abnormally => which affects it's function.
- Possibly from eating infected beef
Possible causes for Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
82
- Personality changes
- Hallucinations
- Muscle twitching and stiffness
- Lack of coordination
- Speech impairment
- Blindness, come
Symptoms of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
83
- Cerebral palsy
- Microcephaly
- Anencephaly
- Hydrocephalus
- Spina bifida
CNS: Congenital Disorders
84
Motor disturbance present at birth, usually due to a congenital birth defect or birth trauma.
- Non-progressive, little or no mental change
- Life-long condition that affects communication between brain and muscles => motor disturbance => uncoordinated movement.
Cerebral Palsy
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- Limited motor skills
- Speech difficulties
- Learning disabilities
Symptoms of cerebral palsy
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Small brain, occurs with Down's syndrome. Abnormally small head and brain, usually results in mental retardation, probably genetic.
Microcephaly
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No brain, congenital absence of the brain, absence of major portions of the brain.
Anencephaly
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Neural tube defect, one or more vertebrae fail to fuse (usually at the lumbar area) => Leaving an opening or weakness in the vertebral column.
- Possible causes: radiation, virus, genetic factors, folic acid deficiency.
Spina Bifida
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Excessive accumulation of CSF in the ventricles of the brain.
Hydrocephalus
90
- Usually due to obstruction of the flow of CSF out of the brain.
- congenital defect
- In newborns: toxoplasmosis (parasite in cat litter)
- Infection (encephalitis), brain tumor
Causes of hydrocephalus
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- Brain damage
- Mental changes
- Bulging eyes
- Tight scalp
- Prominent head vein
Results of hydrocephalus
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Brain and spinal cord tumor
- Most of benign
- May cause hemorrhage in brain and spinal cord
- Often destructive due to increased intracranial pressure => headache, vomiting, walking and coordination problems, double vision.
Neoplasms of the Brain and Spinal cord
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Tumors originating in neuroglia (glial cells = supportive cells) of the brain or spinal cord.
- Most common type of brain tumor
- Categorized by location and type of cells that originated the tumor.
Gliomas
94
- Astrocytomas
- Meningioma
- Retinoblastoma
Types of Gliomas
95
Astrocytes, in brain or spinal cords.
- Most common type of childhood brain tumor
- In cerebellum
Astrocytomas
96
Tumor of the meninges (dura mater)
- Slow growing, most common in 40 and 50 year old people.
- In cerebral hemispheres, under the skull
- Usually are separate from the brain and can be removed entirely during surgery
- Can recur and certain types can be malignant
Meningioma
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Malignant tumor of one or both eyes.
- Retinal cells
- Develops during infancy or early childhood
- Usually diagnosed by two years of age
- Probably hereditary
Retinoblastoma
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Primitive neuroepithelial cells = retinoblasts
Retinal cells
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- Brain purge
- Hemorrhage
- Atrophy
- Diminished circulation
- Discoloration
Postmortem Conditions
