2.3-2.4 Flashcards
1
Q
energy (def)
A
capacity to do work
2
Q
work (def)
A
to move something
3
Q
energy classified into…
A
potential
kinetic
4
Q
potential (def)
A
stored energy due to its position or internal state
5
Q
kinetic (def)
A
energy of motion
energy that is doing work
6
Q
chemical energy
chemical reactions
A
potential energy stored in bonds of molecules
chemical rxns release this energy and make it available for physiological work
7
Q
heat is ___ energy (def)
A
kinetic energy of molecular motion
8
Q
free energy (def)
in humans
A
potential energy available in a system to do useful work
energy stored in chem bonds of organic molecules
9
Q
chemical reaction (def)
A
process in which a covalent or ionic bond is formed or broken
10
Q
chemical rxn classifications:
A
decomposiiton
synthesis
exchange
11
Q
decomposition rxns (what are they)
A
large molecule breaks down into multiple smaller ones
12
Q
synthesis rxns (what are they)
A
multiple small molecules combine to form a large one
13
Q
exchange rxns (what are they)
A
2 molecules exchange atoms or groups of atoms
14
Q
law of mass action in reversible rxns
A
proceed from reactants in greater quantity to substances w/ lesser quantity
15
Q
reversible reactions exist in a state of equilibrium
A
ratio of products to reactants is stable
ex. 20:1
16
Q
chem rxn rates are based on…
A
molecular motion
collisions
17
Q
rate of rxn depends on
A
nature of the reactants
frequency and force of their collisions
18
Q
some factors that affect rxn rates
A
concentration
temp
catalysts
19
Q
factors that affect rxn rates:
concentration (explain)
A
more concentrated == rxn rate increases
molecules are more crowded and a collide more frequently
20
Q
factors that affect rxn rates:
temp (explain)
A
temp increases == rxn rate increases
heat causes molecules to move more rapidly and collide w/ greater force and frequency
21
Q
factors that affect rxn rates:
catalysts (explain)
A
substances temporarily bind to reacts and hold them in favorable position to react w/ each other
may change shapes of reactants in ways to make them more likely to react
22
Q
metabolism (def)
A
sum of all chem rxns in body
23
Q
2 division of metabolism
A
catabolism
anabolism
24
Q
catabolism (def)
A
energy-releasing decomposition rxns
break covalent bonds
break larger molecules down into smaller molecules
exergonic – releases energy to be used for other physiological work
25
exergonic (def)
energy-releasing rxns
26
physiological work (examples)
breaking chem bonds
building molecules
pumping blood
contracting skeletal muscles
27
anabolism (def)
energy-storing synthesis rxns
ex. production of protein or fat
endergonic -- require an energy input
28
anabolism is ___ by the ___ that catabolism releases
driven
energy
29
anabolism and catabolism are...
coupled
inseparably linked
30
oxidation (def)
any chemical rxn in which a molecule gives up electrons and releases energy
molecule is oxidized when it loses electrons
oxidizing agent is the electron acceptor that takes the electrons
31
reduction (def)
chem rxn in which a molecule gains electrons and energy
molecule is reduced when it gains electrons
reducing agent is the electron donor that donates the electrons
32
redox rxns are always ___
coupled
oxidation of 1 molecule is always accompanied by the reduction of another
33
are only electrons transferred in a redox rxn?
no; often electrons are transferred in the form of hydrogen atoms
34
energy-transfer reactions in the human body:
exergonic reactions (def)
rxns in which there is a net release of energy
products have less total free energy than reactants
35
energy-transfer reactions in the human body:
endergonic reactions (def)
rxns in which there is a net input of energy
products have more total free energy than reactants
36
energy-transfer reactions in the human body:
exergonic rxns (examples)
oxidation
decomposition
catabolism
37
energy-transfer reactions in the human body:
endergonic rxns (examples)
reduction
synthesis
anabolism
38
energy-transfer reactions in the human body:
oxidation
exergonic
electrons removed from reactant
electrons can be removed in the form of hydrogen atoms
product is said to be oxidized
39
energy-transfer reactions in the human body:
decomposition
exergonic
rxn such as digestion and cell respiration
larger molecules are broken down into smaller ones
40
energy-transfer reactions in the human body:
catabolism
exergonic
sum of all decompositions rxns in the body
41
energy-transfer reactions in the human body:
reduction
endergonic
electrons are donated to a reactant
product is said to be reduced
42
energy-transfer reactions in the human body:
synthesis
endergonic
rxn such as protein or glycogen synthesis, in which 2 or more smaller molecules are combined into a larger one
43
energy-transfer reactions in the human body:
anabolism
endergonic
the sum of all synthesis rxns in the body
44
chemical energy (def)
potential energy stored in bonds of molecules
45
functional groups (what are they)
common arrangement of atoms that give organic molecules their unique properties
46
organic chemistry (def)
study of compounds of carbon
47
4 primary categories of large organic molecules
carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids
48
why is carbon important?
carbon is an especially ___ atom that serves as the basis of a wide variety of structures
versatile
49
why is carbon important?
carbon has ___ valence electrons, so it bonds w/ other atoms that can provide it w/ 4 more to complete its valence shell
4
50
why is carbon important?
carbon atoms readily ___ with each other and can form ___ chains, ___ molecules, and ___ – an enormous variety of ___ for organic molecules
long chains
branched molecules
rings
carbon backbones
51
why is carbon important?
carbon also commonly forms covalent bonds w/...
hydrogen
oxygen
nitrogen
sulfur
52
why is carbon important?
carbon backbones carry a variety of ___
functional groups
53
functional groups (def)
small clusters of atoms that determine many of the properties of an organic molecule
54
5 common functional groups
1) hydroxyl
2) methyl
3) carboxyl
4) amino
5) phosphate
55
hydroxyl (symbol and occurs in)
–OH
sugars, alcohols
56
methyl (symbol and occurs in)
–CH3
fats, oils, steroids, amino acids
57
carboxyl (symbol and occurs in)
–COOH
amino acids, sugars, proteins
58
amino (symbol and occurs in)
–NH2
amino acids, proteins
59
phosphate (symbol and occurs in)
–H2PO4
nucleic acids, ATP
60
most macromolecules are ___ –molecules made of repetitive series of identical or similar subunits called ___
polymers
monomers
61
polymers (def)
molecules made of a monomers
62
monomers (def)
a repetitive series of identical or similar subunits that made up polymers
63
polymerization (def)
joining of monomers to form a polymer
64
dehydration synthesis (condensation)
polymerization in living cells
enzyme removes a hydroxyl group from one monomer and a hydrogen from another --> forms water as a by-product
2 monomers become joined by a covalent bond --> forms a dimer
monomers are added to the chain until it becomes long enough to be considered a polymer
65
hydrolysis
all chemical digestion consists of hydrolysis reactions
water molecule ionizes into OH- and H+
enzyme breaks the covalent bond linking one monomer to another and adds OH- to one monomer and H+ to the other
66
carbohydrate (def)
type of macromolecule
hydrophilic organic molecule
ex. sugars and starches
source of energy that can be quickly mobilized
67
monosaccharides (def and 3 primary of importance)
simplest carbohydrates --> monomers --> simple sugars
glucose, galactose, fructose
68
disaccharides (def and 3 primary of importance)
sugars composed of 2 monosaccharides
sucrose (glucose + fructose)
lactose (glucose + galactose)
maltose (glucose + glucose)
69
oligosaccharides (def)
short chains of 3+ monosaccharides
70
polysaccharides (def)
up to thousands of monosaccharides long
71
glycogen (def)
energy-storage polysaccharide
long, branched, glucose polymer
72
starch (def)
energy-storage polysaccharide of plants
the only significant digestible polysaccharide in the human diet
73
cellulose (def)
structural polysaccharide that gives strength to the cell walls of plans
composed of a chain of a few thousand glucose monomers
we can't digest it --> absorbs water and helps clear GI tract
74
how do carbs get turned into ATP?
carbs --> glucose --> ATP
75
carbs can be conjugated (explain)
carbs are often covalently bonded to proteins and lipids for other functions
76
carb functions:
monosaccharides:
glucose (function)
blood sugar -- energy source for most cells
77
carb functions:
monosaccharides:
galactose (function)
converted to glucose and metabolized
78
carb functions:
monosaccharides:
fructose (function)
fruit sugar -- converted to glucose and metabolized
79
carb functions:
disaccharides:
sucrose (function)
cane sugar -- digested to glucose and fructose
80
carb functions:
disaccharides:
lactose (function)
milk sugar -- digested to glucose and galactose
important in infant nutriiton
81
carb functions:
disaccharides:
maltose (function)
malt sugar -- product of starch digestion, further digested to glucose
82
carb functions:
polysaccharides:
cellulose (function)
structural polysaccharide of plants; dietary fiber
83
carb functions:
polysaccharides:
starch (function)
energy storage in plant cells; energy source in human diet
84
carb functions:
polysaccharides:
glycogen (function)
energy storage in animal cells (liver, muscle, brain, uterus, vagina)
85
carb functions:
conjugated carbohydrates:
glycoprotein (function)
component of the cell surface coat and mucus, among other roles
86
carb functions:
conjugated carbohydrates:
glycolipid (function)
component of the cell surface coat
87
carb functions:
conjugated carbohydrates:
proteoglycan (function)
cell adhesion
lubrication
supportive filler of some tissues and organs
88
lipid (general traits)
hydrophobic organic molecule
usually composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
less oxidized than carbs so lipids have more calories/gram
89
5 primary type sof lipids in humans:
1) fatty acids
2) triglycerides
3) phospholipids
4) eicosanoids
5) steroids
90
lipid functions:
bile acids (function)
steroids that aid in fat digestion and nutrient absorption
91
lipid functions:
cholesterol (function)
component of cell membranes; precursor of other steroids
92
lipid functions:
eicosanoids (function)
chemical messengers b/n cells
93
lipid functions:
fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K)
involved in a variety fo functions including blood clotting, wound healing, vision, and calcium absorption
94
lipid functions:
fatty acids (function)
precursor of triglycerides; source of energy
95
lipid functions:
phospholipids (function)
major component of cell membranes; aid in fat digestion
96
lipid functions:
steroid hormones (function)
chemical messengers b/n cells
97
lipid functions:
triglycerides (function)
energy storage
thermal insulation
filling space
binding organs together
cushioning organs
98
a glucose polymer synthesized by liver, muscle, uterine, and vaginal cells that serves as an energy-storage polysaccharide is a ___ molecule
glycogen
99
groups of atoms that are added to carbon backbones and that give organic molecules a variety of unique properties are generally known as ___
functional groups
100
macromolecule (def)
any molecule of large size and high molecular weight
101
4 organic macromolecules
carbohydrates
proteins
lipids
nucleic acids
102
type of macromolecule that is a major component of the plasma membrane
phospholipids
103
estrogen and testosterone are examples of which type of liquid?
steroids
104
polysaccharide used for energy storage in animals
glycogen
105
lipid (describe ratio of atoms in it)
way more H's than O's
106
___ is the general term for a lipid molecule that consists of 4 interconnected carbon rings. Examples are cholesterol, testosterone, or estrogen.
steroid
107
the ___ level of protein structure is determined by the folding of the protein due to hydrogen bonding b/n amino acids to form alpha helices and beta-pleated sheets
secondary
108
the folding of proteins into various globular and fibrous shapes is referred to as the ___ structure of the proteins
tertiary
109
which 3 functional groups are part of the basic structure of every amino acid?
amino group
radical (R) group
carboxyl group
110
what does a quaternary structure of a protein depend on?
interactions b/n multiple polypeptide chains
111
a ___ is the substance that an enzyme acts upon
substrate
112
an ___ is a protein that functions as a biological catalyst
enzyme
113
the lock and key model describes the property of enzyme-substrate ___
specificity
114
each step in a pathway is usually regulated by a specific ___
enzyme
115
what is a nucleotide composed of?
nitrogenous base
monosaccharide
phosphate group
116
sucrase digests ___
only sucrose
117
ATP (adenosine triphosphate) consists of...
adenine
ribose
3 phosphate groups
118
what is the toxic end-product of anaerobic fermentation?
lactic acid
119
term used to describe a series of reactions, where each step is catalyzed by a specific enzyme
metabolic pathway
120
energy molecule that is produced by cellular respiration and used in metabolic reactions
ATP
