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BIOL 203 – Anatomy & Physiology > Lecture 26 -- Endocrine System III > Flashcards

Lecture 26 -- Endocrine System III Flashcards

1
Q

LO1: relate steroid hormone structure to that of cholesterol. Give examples.

name all the steroid hormones and where they are produced

A

adrenal cortex:
- mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
- glucocorticoids (cortisol)
- androgens

gonads:
- testosterone
- estrogen

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2
Q

LO1: relate steroid hormone structure to that of cholesterol. Give examples.

how are steroid hormones synthesized?

what do all the steroid hormones have in common?

how do the steroid hormones differ?

A

synthesized from cholesterol

they all have a 4-ringed steroid backbone

they differ in the functional groups attached to the 4-ringed steroid backbone

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3
Q

LO2: how are steroid hormones transported in blood?

A

steroids are hydrophobic –> must bind to hydrophilic transport proteins

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4
Q

LO2: how are steroid hormones transported in blood?

what are examples of the hydrophilic transport proteins?

A

albumins and globulins –> synthesized by liver

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5
Q

LO2: how are steroid hormones transported in blood?

what do the hydrophilic transport proteins do?

A

increase steroid half lives

protect steroids from:
- enzymes
- being filtered out of blood by kidneys

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6
Q

LO3: describe target cell stimulation by steroid-H:

how do most steroids stimulate target cells? What do they do?

A

steroids = hydrophobic
pass thru cell mb directly to nucleus

genomic effects –> affects transcription

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7
Q

LO3: describe target cell stimulation by steroid-H:

exception to this rule

A

glucocorticoids –> bind to cytosol instead

LH –> non-steroid but is also lipid soluble and can enter cell as well

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8
Q

LO4: give examples of hormones w/ monoamine structure and indicate their amino acid precursor

what are monoamines made of?

A

amino acids

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9
Q

LO4: give examples of hormones w/ monoamine structure and indicate their amino acid precursor

examples of monoamines and their aa precursor

A

catecholamines (synthesized from tyrosine):
- dopamine –> synthesized from tyrosine
- epinephrine –> synthesized from tyrosine
- norepinephrine –> synthesized from tyrosine

melatonin –> synthesized from tryptophan

thyroid hormone (TH) –> synthesized from tyrosine
- thyroxine (T4) –> synthesized from tyrosine –> lipid soluble
- triiodothyronine (T3) –> synthesized from tyrosine

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10
Q

LO5: give examples of peptide hormones:

what are they made of? How are they synthesized?

A

made up chains of amino acids

synthesized the same way as any other protein

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11
Q

LO5: give examples of peptide hormones:

give examples of peptide hormones and where they are produced:

A

releasing hormone (RH) and inhibiting hormone (IH) –> produced by hypothalamus

most hormones of anterior pituitary gland are polypeptides or glycoproteins

insulin

growth hormone

oxytocin

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

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12
Q

LO6: describe the following steps applying to peptide-H and monoamines:

A

1) peptide-H and monoamines synthesized and stored in secretory vesicles until stimulus is received

2) transportation: peptide-H and monoamines are hydrophilic –> travel freely in blood

3) binding and effects: hormones can’t cross membrane so bind to cell-surface receptors –> signal transduction pathway (2nd messengers – CAMP, DAG, IP3)

hormone doesn’t always employ the same 2nd messenger

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13
Q

LO7: summarize the cyclic AMP signaling pathway

A

1) hormone binds to receptor

2) activates G protein –> activates adenylate cyclase

3) activate adenylate cyclase converts ATP into cAMP
cAMP gets broken down by phosphodiesterase (PDE)

4) cAMP activates protein kinase (PK) –> PK attaches phosphates to other molecules

5) PK phosphorylates enzymes (activates/deactivates)

6) altered protein (enzyme) –> causes cell response

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14
Q

LO7: summarize the cyclic AMP signaling pathway

example of glucagon:

A

cAMP leads to activation of enzymes that hydrolyze glycogen stored in cell

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15
Q

LO8: summarize the DAG-IP3 signaling pathway

A

1) hormone binds to receptor –> activates G protein

2) activated G-protein binds to and activates phospholipase (PLC) enzyme

3) phospholipase splits a membrane phospholipid into 2 fragments –> DAG and IP3 (2nd messengers)

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16
Q

LO8: summarize the DAG-IP3 signaling pathway

what does the pathway do?

A

can open Ca channels in the plasma mb or in the ER

Ca2+ binds to calcium-dependent cytoplasmic enzymes that alter cell metabolism

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17
Q

LO9: identify the 3 types of stimuli for hormone secretion

are hormones secreted at steady rates?
do they have constant levels in bloodstream throughout the day?

A

no

no

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18
Q

LO9: identify the 3 types of stimuli for hormone secretion

neural (describe)

A

nerve fibers supply some endocrine glands and elicit the release of their hormones

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19
Q

LO9: identify the 3 types of stimuli for hormone secretion

humoral (describe)

A

blood-borne stimuli

20
Q

LO9: identify the 3 types of stimuli for hormone secretion

hormonal (describe)

A

1 hormone stimulates the secretion of another hormone

21
Q

LO9: identify the 3 types of stimuli for hormone secretion

key ideas and concepts about hormone receptors:

hormone receptors are ___ or ___ located on the ___, in the ___, or in the ___

A

proteins or glycoproteins

located on the plasma mb, in the cytoplasmic, or in the nucleus

22
Q

LO9: identify the 3 types of stimuli for hormone secretion

key ideas and concepts about hormone receptors:

not all cells express the same ___

A

receptors

23
Q

LO9: identify the 3 types of stimuli for hormone secretion

key ideas and concepts about hormone receptors:

most cells are sensitive to more than one ___

A

hormone

24
Q

LO9: identify the 3 types of stimuli for hormone secretion

key ideas and concepts about hormone receptors:

hormone stimulate only those cells that have ___ for them (their target cells)

A

receptors

25
Q

LO9: identify the 3 types of stimuli for hormone secretion

key ideas and concepts about hormone receptors:

the same type of ___ may be located on cells in different body tissues, and trigger somewhat ___ responses

A

receptor

different

26
Q

LO9: identify the 3 types of stimuli for hormone secretion

key ideas and concepts about hormone receptors:

receptors exhibit ___ and ___

A

specificity

saturation

27
Q

LO9: identify the 3 types of stimuli for hormone secretion

key ideas and concepts about hormone receptors:

define specificity

A

the receptor for one hormone will not bind other hormones

28
Q

LO9: identify the 3 types of stimuli for hormone secretion

key ideas and concepts about hormone receptors:

define saturation

A

condition in which all the receptor molecules are occupied by hormone molecules – adding more hormone cannot produce any greater effect

29
Q

LO9: identify the 3 types of stimuli for hormone secretion

key ideas and concepts about hormone clearance:

most hormones are taken up and degraded by the ___ and ___ and then excreted in the ___ or ___

A

liver –> bile

kidneys –> urine

30
Q

LO9: identify the 3 types of stimuli for hormone secretion

key ideas and concepts about hormone clearance:

some hormones are degraded by their ___

A

target cells

31
Q

LO9: identify the 3 types of stimuli for hormone secretion

key ideas and concepts about hormone clearance:

define metabolic clearance rate (MCR):

A

the rate of hormonal removal

32
Q

LO9: identify the 3 types of stimuli for hormone secretion

key ideas and concepts about hormone clearance:

define half life (t 1/2):

A

the length of time required to clear 50% of the hormone from the blood

33
Q

LO10: explain how target cells regulate their sensitivity to circulating hormones:

A

target cells can adjust their sensitivity to a hormone by changing the number of receptors for it

up-regulation – increase receptor density –> increase sensitivity –> stronger response
- ex. late pregnancy –> uterus produces oxytocin receptors

down-regulation – decrease receptor density –> decrease sensitivity –> diminished response
- ex. in response to long-term exposure to a high hormone

34
Q

LO11: differentiate the types of hormone-hormone interactions:

A

antagonistic – one opposes the other

additive – synergistic hormones work together. effects may be additive or complementary

permissive – one hormone is required before target cell can respond to another hormone

35
Q

LO12: discuss how the body adapts to stress thru its endocrine and sympathetic NS:

define stress

A

situation that upsets homeostasis

physical or emotional causes

36
Q

LO12: discuss how the body adapts to stress thru its endocrine and sympathetic NS:

how does the body respond to stress?

A

stress response or general adaptation syndrome (GAS)

mediated by endocrine and sympathetic NS

increase cortisol and epinephrine

37
Q

LO12: discuss how the body adapts to stress thru its endocrine and sympathetic NS:

describe 3 stages of GAS:

stage 1 is called the ___

how does it occur?

what does it do?

what is it mediated by?

what are the hormones involved?

A

alarm reaction – “fight or flight”

stressor upsets homeostasis or cellular balance

increased mental alertness

mediate mainly by sympathetic stimulation

mostly epinephrine, some norepinephrine

38
Q

ge LO12: discuss how the body adapts to stress thru its endocrine and sympathetic NS:

describe 3 stages of GAS:

stage 2 is called the ___

what is it marked by?

what is the main priority?

what happens?

what hormone gets released and what does it do?

A

stage of resistance or adaptation

body fights back by adjusting to stress

glycogen reserves become exhausted.
priority –> provide alternative fuels for metabolism

gluconeogenesis occurs in liver –> breakdown of fat and protein

cortisol –> inhibits glucose uptake by most organs –> glucose-sparing effect –> saves glucose for brain

39
Q

LO12: discuss how the body adapts to stress thru its endocrine and sympathetic NS:

describe 3 stages of GAS:

stage 3 is called the ___

what is it marked by?

when does stage of exhaustion set in?

what is the result of stage of exhaustion?

describe the energy sources…

A

stage of exhaustion

lack of adaptation response

sets in when fat is depleted (months)

stress overwhelms homeostasis –> rapid decline –> death

no more glycogen –> no more fat –> body relies on protein breakdown –>

difficult to maintain glucose homeostasis –> infections

failure to maintain adequate fluid and electrolyte balance

40
Q

LO13: infer the type of short-distance signaling that chemicals can use for communication

what are the 3 types of signaling?

A

paracrine –> signal to nearby cells in same tissue or organ

contact-dependent –> must be in contact to signal, (e.g. gap junctions)

autocrine –> signal stimulates same cell that secretes them

41
Q

LO13: infer the type of short-distance signaling that chemicals can use for communication

T or F:
single chemical can be considered a hormone, paracrine, autocrine, or neurotransmitter depending on location and circumstance

A

true

42
Q

LO14: explain what eicosanoids are and how they are produced

eicosanoids are…
they are produced by…

A

signaling molecules made by oxidation of FA

20-carbon backbones derived from the FA arachidonic acid

43
Q

LO14: explain what eicosanoids are and how they are produced

give examples of eicosanoids

A

a type of eicosanoid is prostanoids
3 types of prostanoids:
- prostaglandins
- prostacyclin
- thromboxane

a type of eicosanoid is leukotrienes:
- leukotrienes help regulate bronchoconstriction and mucus secretion

44
Q

LO15: describe the physiological roles of prostanoids in:

GI mucosa

A

NSAID: COX-1

gastric protection

side effects (COX inhibition):
- peptic ulcers
- GI bleeding

45
Q

LO15: describe the physiological roles of prostanoids in:

kidney

A

NSAID: COX-1&2

greater sodium and water excretion

said effects (COX inhibition):
- Na and water retention
- hypertension
- kidney injury

46
Q

LO15: describe the physiological roles of prostanoids in:

cardiovascular

A

NSAID: COX-1&2

COX2 > COX1 inhibition:
- stroke
- myocardial infarction

BIOL 203 – Anatomy & Physiology (58 decks)

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