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BIOL 203 – Anatomy & Physiology > 6.1 – Skin and subcutaneous tissue > Flashcards

6.1 – Skin and subcutaneous tissue Flashcards

1
Q

integumentary system consists of…

A

skin, hair, nails, glands

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2
Q

skin (integument) is the body’s ___ and ___ organ

A

largest
heaviest

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3
Q

integument consists of ___ layers:

the layers are the ___ and the ___

A

epidermis and dermis

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4
Q

the epidermis is made of…

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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5
Q

the dermis is…

A

a deeper connective tissue layer

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6
Q

below the dermis is another layer called the ___, which is not part of the skin but is customarily studied in conduction with it.

A

hypodermis

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7
Q

the hypodermis is…

A

another connective tissue layer

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8
Q

thick skin covers…

A

palms, soles, and corresponding surfaces of the fingers and toes

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9
Q

thick skin has a very thick surface layer of dead cells called the ___

A

stratum corneum

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10
Q

thick skin has (1) but no (2) or (3)

A

sweat glands but
no hair follicles or sebaceous (oil) glands

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11
Q

epidermis of thick skin is ___ mm thick

A

0.5 mm

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12
Q

epidermis of thin skin is ___ mm thick

A

0.1 mm

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13
Q

thin skin has a thin ___

A

stratum corneum

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14
Q

thin skin possess (1), (2) , and (3)

A

sweat glands
hair follicles
sebaceous glands

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15
Q

functions of the skin:

A

(0) – container for body
(1) – resistance to trauma and infection
(2) – other barrier functions
(3) – vitamin D synthesis
(4) – sensation
(5) –thermoregulation
(6) – nonverbal communication

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16
Q

functions of the skin

(1) resistance to trauma and infection (describe)

A

epidermal cells are packed w/ tough protein keratin and linked by strong desmosomes

resists infection from bacteria and fungi by skin’s dryness and slight acidity

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17
Q

cells of the epidermis

there are ___ types

A

5

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18
Q

cells of the epidermis:

the 5 types of cells:

A

(1) keratinocytes
(2) stem cells
(3) melanocytes
(4) tactile cells
(5) dendritic cells

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19
Q

cells of the epidermis:

(1) keratinocytes

A

great majority of epidermal cells

synthesize keratin

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20
Q

cells of the epidermis:

(2) stem cells

A

undifferentiated cells that

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21
Q

stratification of the skin and hypodermis:

epidermis (description)

A

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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22
Q

clear,

stratum corneum (description)

A

dead, keratinized cells of the skin surface

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23
Q

stratification of the skin and hypodermis:
epidermis:

stratum lucid (description)

A

clear, featureless, narrow zone seen only in thick skin

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24
Q

stratification of the skin and hypodermis:
epidermis:

stratum graunulosum (description)

A

2 to 5 layers of cells w/ dark-staining keratohyalin granules; scanty in thin skin

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25
Q

stratification of the skin and hypodermis:
epidermis:

stratum spinosum (description)

A

many shrunken layers –> keratinocytes attached to each other by desmosomes –> spiny look

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26
Q

stratification of the skin and hypodermis:
epidermis:

stratum basale (description)

A

single layer of cuboidal to columnar cells resting on basement membrane

site of most mitosis – consists of stem cells, keratinocytes, melanocytes, and tactile cells

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27
Q

stratification of the skin and hypodermis:

dermis (description)

A

fibrous connective tissue, richly endowed w/ blood vessels and nerve endings

sweat glands and hair follicles originate here and in hypodermis

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28
Q

stratification of the skin and hypodermis:
dermis:

papillary layer (description)

A

superficial 1/5th of dermis

composed of areolar tissue

often extends upward as dermal papillae

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29
Q

stratification of the skin and hypodermis:
dermis:

reticular layer (description)

A

deeper 4/5th of dermis

dense irregular connective tissue

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30
Q

stratification of the skin and hypodermis:

hypodermis (description)

A

areolar or adipose tissue b/n skin and muscle

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31
Q

melanin (def)

A

most significant factor in skin color

produced by melanocytes but accumulates in keratinocytes of the of the stratum basal and stratum spinoisum

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32
Q

2 forms of melanin

A

eumelanin (brownish black)

pheomelanin (reddish yellow)

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33
Q

people of different skin colors have essentially the same number of ___, but in dark skin, the melanocytes produce greater quantities of ___, the ___ granules in the keratinocytes are more spread out than tightly clumped, and the ___ breaks down more slowly

A

melanocytes
melanin
melanin
melanin

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34
Q

friction ridges (def)

A

markings on the fingertips

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35
Q

flexion lines (flexion creases)

A

lines on the flexor surfaces of the digits, palms, wrists, elbows, and other places

mark sites where the skin folds during flexion of the joints –> skin is tightly bound to deeper connective tissues along these lines

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36
Q

freckles (def)

A

flat patches that vary w/ heredity and exposure to the sun

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37
Q

mole/nevus (def)

A

elevated patch of melanized skin, often w/ hair

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38
Q

hemangioma aka birthmarks (def)

A

patches of skin discolored by benign tumors of blood capillaries

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39
Q

what are accessory organs of the integumentary system?

A

hair, nails, and cutaneous glands

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40
Q

identify the components of the integumentary system

A

epidermis
dermis
hair
nails
cutaneous glands

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41
Q

which 2 distinct layers make up the skin?

A

epidermis and dermis

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42
Q

the layer that is located deep to the dermis and is not part of the skin is the ___

A

hypodermis

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43
Q

some functions of the integumentary system:

A

thermoregulation
sensory reception
vitamin D production
protection

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44
Q

the system that consists of the skin and its accessory organs is the ___ system

A

integumentary

45
Q

the superficial layer of the skin contains abundant ___

A

keratin

46
Q

the epidermis is a barrier to ultraviolet rays, blocking much of the cancer-causing radiation from reaching the nuclei of cells called ___

A

keratinocytes

47
Q

the skin is composed of what?

A

epidermis and dermis only

48
Q

what is the connective tissue layer that lies b/n the skin and the deeper muscle or other tissue?

A

hypodermis

49
Q

the skin is essential in sensing which of the following?

A

sensing external stimuli:

injury, touch, temp

50
Q

what are functions of the skin?

A

vitamin D synthesis
sensory reception
thermoregulation
resistance to trauma and infection
other barrier functions
nonverbal communication

51
Q

which cools the skin?

A

evaporation of sweat

52
Q

a protein that is produced in the cells of the epidermis that improves its durability and resistance to infection is called ___

A

keratin

53
Q

the skin functions as an important barrier to what?

A

water
UV radiation
microorganisms

54
Q

cells in the epidermis are nourished by blood vessels located in which of the following?

A

dermis

dermis is directly deep to the epidermis and contains blood vessels

55
Q

skin plays an important role in the synthesis of what?

A

vitamin D production
sensory reception
thermoregulation
resistance to trauma and infection
other barrier functions
nonverbal communication

56
Q

5 types of cells found in the epidermis are…

A

stem cells
keratinocytes
tactile cells
dendritic cells
melanocytes

57
Q

5 types of cells found in the epidermis are stem cells, keratinocytes, tactile cells, dendritic cells, and ___

A

melanocytes

58
Q

sensory receptors in the dermis and epidermis contribute to which function of the skin?

A

detecting changes in the environment

59
Q

keratinocytes are the most numerous type fo skin cells. Where are they located?

A

epidermis

60
Q

during the process of thermoregulation, the body surface temperature is monitored by which of the following types of receptors?

A

thermoreceptors

61
Q

various shades of brown pigmentation in the skin result from which of the following?

A

the production of melanin (brown to black pigments) by melanocytes

62
Q

what is true about the most superficial layer of the skin?

A

it contains abundant keratin

63
Q

place the epidermal layers in order:
superficial at top
deepest layer at bottom

A

stratum corneum
stratum lucidum
stratum granulosum
stratum spinosum
straum basale

64
Q

true or false:

the epidermis is highly vascular

A

false

epidermis is highly avascaular and must be supplied w/ nutrients by blood vessels in the underlying dermis

65
Q

actively mitotic cells are found in which layer of the epidermis?

A

stratum basale

66
Q

the stratum corneum is the most ___ layer of the epidermis. This layer is full of ___

A

superficial

keratin

67
Q

the epidermis is composed of ___ cell types

cell types:

A

5

stem cells
keratinocytes
melanocytes
tactile cells
dendritic cells

68
Q

stem cells (def)

A

undifferentiated cells that divide and give rise to keratinocytes

69
Q

keratinocytes (def)

A

epidermal cells that produce keratin

70
Q

melanocytes (def)

A

cells that produce the dark pigments that act as a UV shield

71
Q

tactile cells (def)

A

sensory receptors for touch

72
Q

dendritic cells (def)

A

immune cells that guards against pathogens that penetrate into the skin

73
Q

which epidermal stratum is the thickest layer in thick skin?

A

stratum corneum

74
Q

which epidermal stratum is the thickest layer in thin skin?

A

stratum spinosum

75
Q

keratinocytes synthesize ___

A

keratin

76
Q

the stratum granulosum can be best described as what?

A

thin, non-mitotic cell layer w/ clusters of keratohyalin

77
Q

the stratum basale can be described as what?

A

a mitotic zone of keratinocytes deep to the stratum spinosum

78
Q

the stratum corneum can be described as what?

A

the thickest layer of the epidermis containing mitotic cells

79
Q

which feature of the skin protects the body from UV damage?

A

melanin deposited in keratinocytes

80
Q

the stratum lucidum contains what?

A

the clear protein eleiden

81
Q

the stratum basale contains what?

A

melanocytes
dendritic cells
actively mitotic stem cells

82
Q

the most superficial layer of the epidermis is the ___

A

stratum corneum

83
Q

which epidermal layer is structure to resist abrasion, penetration, and water loss?

A

stratum corneum

84
Q

the stratum basale contains what?

A

actively dividing cells
the colored pigment melanin

85
Q

true or false:
the stratum corneum is the thickest epidermal layer in thin skin

A

false
in thin skin: stratum spinosum is thickest layer of the epidermis

in thick skin: stratum corneum is usually the thickest layer

86
Q

name the course dark-staining granules found in the stratum granulosum

A

keratohyalin granules

87
Q

keratinocyte life history

A

(1) stem cells divide to produce new keratinocytes
(2) mitosis ceases as epidermal cells are pushed upward
(3) keratinocytes flatten and produce waterproof bundles of keratin filaments
(4) dead keratinocytes flake off surface of the skin as dander
(5) keratinocytes die

88
Q

cells in which epidermal layer contain the protein eleidin?

A

stratum lucidum

89
Q

the presence of a layer of lipids b/n the stratum spinosum and stratum granulosum facilitates which of the following?

A

water retention

90
Q

why are the cells in the stratum corneum dead?

A

epidermal cells die as they move away from their nutrient supply in the dermis

91
Q

what is found in the dermis?

A

nerve endings
fibers
blood vessels
glands
other types of fibrous connective tissue
hair follicles
nail roots

92
Q

where are melanocytes found?

A

epidermis

93
Q

which of the following layers of the epidermis contains cuboidal stem cells, keratinocytes, and melanocytes?

A

stratum basale

94
Q

hair follicles and nail roots are embedded in which of the following layers of the skin?

A

dermis

(epidermis has no connective tissues, so it’s difficult to embed structures w/in it)

95
Q

which epidermal stratum is the thickest layer in thin skin?

A

stratum spinosum

96
Q

which epidermal stratum is the thickest layer in thick skin?

A

stratum corneum

97
Q

the deepest layer of the dermis is called the ___ layer

A

reticular

98
Q

how does the structure of the skin play a role in minimizing water loss from the body?

A

tight junctions b/n keratinocytes impeded water loss

99
Q

oxygen and nutrients needed by the epidermal cells undergoing mitosis are acquired from blood vessels in which one of the following layers?

A

dermis

100
Q

subcutaneous injections are administered into which highly vascular tissue layers?

A

hypodermis

subcutaneous tissue is highly vascular and absorbs drugs quickly

101
Q

the skin layer that has the hair follicles and nail roots embedded in it is the ___

A

dermis

102
Q

the hypodermis primarily consists of which type of tissue?

A

adipose tissue

103
Q

what are the 2 zones of the dermis?

A

papillary and reticular layer

104
Q

T or F:
darker skinned people have more melanocytes per square centimeter than lighter skinned people

A

false

(skin color is not determined by the number of melanocytes present, but by the amount of melanin produced, by how tightly clumped the granules are, and by how quickly the melanin breaks down)

105
Q

why are injections frequently administered into the hypodermis?

A

the subcutaneous tissue is highly vascular

106
Q

what is the function of the subcutaneous layer?

A

an energy reservoir and thermal insulation

107
Q

w/in a hair follicle, the ___ root sheath is an extension of the epidermis, and lies adjacent to the hair root.

A

epithelial

108
Q

which compound is the primary determinant of skin color?

A

melanin

BIOL 203 – Anatomy & Physiology (58 decks)

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