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BIOL 203 – Anatomy & Physiology > 3.4 > Flashcards

3.4 Flashcards

1
Q

cytoskeleton (def)

A

network of protein filaments and cylinders that:

structurally support a cell
determine its shape
organize its contents
direct the movement of materials w/in the cell
contribute to movements of the cell as a whole

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2
Q

cytoskeleton is composed of…

A

microfilaments
intermediate filaments
microtubules

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3
Q

microfilaments (def)

A

thin filaments
made of protein actin

crucial role in:
embryonic development
muscle contraction
immune function
wound healing
cancer metastasis
cell migration

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4
Q

intermediate filaments (def)

A

thicker and stiffer than microfilaments

give cell:
its shape
resist stress
participate in junctions that attach cells to their neighbors

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5
Q

microtubules (def)

A

cylinders made of 13 parallel strands called protofilaments

each protofilament is a long chain of tubular (globular proteins)

radiate from area of cell called centrosome

hold organelles in place
form bundles that maintain cell shape and rigidity
act like monorail tracks

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6
Q

organelle (def)

A

internal structure of a cell that carries out specialized metabolic tasks

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7
Q

membranous organelles (def)

A

organelles surrounded by membranes

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8
Q

membranous organelles (examples)

A

nucleus
mitochondria
lysosomes
peroxisomes
endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi complex

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9
Q

organells w/o membranes (examples)

A

ribosomes
proteasomes
centrosomes
centrioles
basal bodies

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10
Q

nucleus (def)

A

largest organelle
contains cell’s chromosomes –> genetic control center of cell activity

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11
Q

anuclear (def)

A

cells that don’t have a nucleus

ex.
mature red blood cells are anuclear

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12
Q

multinuclear (def)

A

cells that have multiple nuclei

ex.
skeletal muscle cells, liver cells, bone-dissolving cells

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13
Q

nuclear envelope (def)

A

double membrane that encloses nucleus

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14
Q

nuclear pores (def)

A

pores in nuclear envelope
regulate molecular traffic thru the envelop
holds the 2 membrane layers together

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15
Q

nuclear lamina (def)

A

a web of intermediate filaments
densely fibrous zone
inside the nuclear envelop

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16
Q

nucleoplasm (def)

A

material inside nucleus

includes chromatin and nucleoli

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17
Q

chromatin (def)

A

fine threadlike matter of DNA and protein
part of nucleoplasm in nucleus

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18
Q

nucleoli (def)

A

mass where ribosomes are produced
part of nucleoplasm in nucleus

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19
Q

endoplasmic reticulum (def)

A

system of interconnected channels called cisterns
enclosed by a unit membrane

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20
Q

rough endoplasmic reticulum (def)

A

cisterns are parallel, flattened sacs
covered in ribosomes
cisterns of RER are continuous w/ cisterns of SER

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21
Q

smooth endoplasmic reticulum (def)

A

cisterns are more tubular, branch more extensively, and lack ribosomes
cisterns of SER are continuous w/ cisterns of RER

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22
Q

rough ER (function)

A

synthesizes steroids and lipids
detoxifies alcohol and other drugs
manufactures nearly all membranes of the cell

produces phospholipids and proteins of the plasma membrane
synthesizes large amounts of protein

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23
Q

smooth ER (function)

A

present in cells that engage extensively in detoxification (liver and kidney cells)

abundant in cells of the testes and ovaries that synthesize steroid hormones

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24
Q

what is function of nucleolus?

A

ribosome production

25
Q

the Golgi complex packages cellular products that will be exported from the cell into which structures?

A

secretory vesicles

26
Q

organelle comprised of stacked cistern that synthesize carbs

A

golgi complex

27
Q

skeletal and cardiac muscle cells store calcium in extensive networks of which organelle?

A

smooth ER

28
Q

lysosome (def)

A

membrane-bound organelle that contains a mixture of enzymes that function in digesting forming matter, pathogens, and expired organelles

29
Q

where are proteins, such as enzymes, that are to be secreted form the cells produced?

A

ribosomes on ER

30
Q

which organelle adds carb groups to proteins produced at the ER?

A

Golgi

31
Q

which organelle contains enzymes needed to neutralize free radicals, detoxify alcohol, other drugs, and blood-borne toxins?

A

peroxisome

32
Q

a cell uses organelles called ___ to get rid of nonfunctional proteins

A

proteasomes

33
Q

___ are the organelles that digest and dispose of worn-out mitochondria and other organelles by a process called autophagy

A

lysosomes

34
Q

what are small granules of RNA and protein that provide a site for protein synthesis?

A

ribosomes

35
Q

mitochondria has a ___ unit membrane

A

double

36
Q

the Golgi complex packages cellular products that will be exported from the cell into which structures?

A

secretory vesicles

37
Q

centrosome (def)

A

comprised of 2 centrioles

38
Q

which organelle participates in cell division?

A

centrioles

39
Q

the membrane-bound organelle that contains enzymes and oxygen used to oxidize organic material is the ___

A

peroxisome

40
Q

which are not essential to cell survival?

A

inclusions

41
Q

most of a cell’s proteins are broken down by which organelles?

A

proteasomes

42
Q

which of the following are components of nucleotides?

A

nitrogenous bases
phosphate gropus
sugars (ribose or deoxyribose)

43
Q

cytosine is a ___ that binds with ___

A

pyrimidine that binds w/ guanine

44
Q

adenine is a ___ that binds with ___

A

purine that binds w/ thymine

45
Q

thymine is a ___ that binds with ___

A

pyrimidine that binds w/ adenine

46
Q

guanine is a ___ that binds with ___

A

purine that binds w/ cytosine

47
Q

the pyrimidines are ___ and ___

A

thymine and cytosine

48
Q

the purines are ___ and ___

A

adenine and guanine

49
Q

basal bodies and the axonemes of flagella and cilia originate from which non-membranous organelles?

A

centrioles

50
Q

inclusions (def)

A

accumulated cell products such as glycogen granules, pigments, and fats

51
Q

a cell uses organelles called ___ to get rid of nonfunctional proteins

A

proteasomes

52
Q

adenine and thymine form ___ hydrogen bonds w/ each other

A

2

53
Q

cytosine and guanine form ___ hydrogen bonds w/ each other

A

3

54
Q

in the nucleus, DNA is complexed w/ proteins to form a fine filamentous material called ___

A

chromatin

55
Q

a centromere holds ___ together

A

sister chromatids

56
Q

which is a characteristic of RNA?

A

contains nitrogenous bases A, U, C, G

it leaves the nucleus and can be found in the cytoplasm

it plays an important role in the production of proteins

57
Q

DNA (characteristics):

contains a sugar called ___
contains nitrogenous bases ___
consists of ___ nucleotide chains (___ helix)
it functions in the ___
it codes for ___

A

sugar called deoxyribose

nitrogenous bases A, T, C, G

2 nucleotide chains (double helix)

functions in the nucleus

codes for synthesis of RNA and protein

58
Q

RNA (characteristics):

contains a sugar called ___
contains nitrogenous bases ___
consists of ___ nucleotide chain
it functions in the ___
it carries ___

A

sugar called ribose

nitrogenous bases A, U, C, G

1 nucleotide chain

functions mainly in cytoplasm

carries out the instructions in DNA

59
Q

centromere (def)

A

where 2 sister chromatids are joined together

BIOL 203 – Anatomy & Physiology (58 decks)

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