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BIOL 203 – Anatomy & Physiology > 7.4 – Physiology of osseous tissue > Flashcards

7.4 – Physiology of osseous tissue Flashcards

1
Q

mineral resorption is the process of…

A

dissolving bone

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2
Q

resorption is carried out by ___

A

osteoclasts

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3
Q

hypocalcemia is…

A

calcium deficiency

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4
Q

hypercalcemia is…

A

calcium excess

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5
Q

calcium homeostasis depends on balance b/n…

A

1) dietary intake
2) urinary and fecal losses
3) exchanges w/ the osseous tissue

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6
Q

calcium homeostasis is regulated by ___ hormones

the hormones are…

A

3

calciferol, calcitonin, and parathyroid hormone

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7
Q

calciferol is a form of ___ produced by the sequential action of the ___, ___, and ___

A

vitamin D

skin, liver, and kidneys

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8
Q

calcitriol behaves as a ___, a blood-borne chemical messenger from one organ to another.

It is called a ___ only because it is added to the ___ as a safeguard for people who don’t get enough sunlight to initiate adequate synthesis in the skin.

A

hormone

vitamin
diet

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9
Q

the principal function of calcitriol is to ___ the blood calcium concentration.

it does this in ___ ways

A

raise

3

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10
Q

3 ways that calcitriol raises blood calcium concentration:

(1)

A

increases calcium absorption by the small intestine

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11
Q

3 ways that calcitriol raises blood calcium concentration:

(2)

A

increases calcium resorption from the skeleton

calcitriol binds to osteoblasts, which then stimulate stem cells to differentiate into osteoclasts

the new osteoclasts liberate calcium and phosphate ions from bone

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12
Q

3 ways that calcitriol raises blood calcium concentration:

(3)

A

it weakly promotes the reabsorption of calcium ions by the kidneys, so less calcium is lost in the urine

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13
Q

calcitonin is produced in the ___ ___

A

thryoid gland

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14
Q

calcitonin is secreted when the blood calcium concentration…

A

rises too high

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15
Q

calcitonin ___ the blood calcium concentration by ___ principal mechanisms

A

lowers

2

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16
Q

calcitonin lowers the blood calcium concentration by 2 principal mechanisms:

(1)

A

osteoclast inhibition:

calcitonin firstly reduces osteoclast activity –> osteoclasts liberate less calcium from the skeleton

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17
Q

calcitonin lowers the blood calcium concentration by 2 principal mechanisms:

(2)

A

osteoblast stimulation:

calcitonin secondly increases the number and activity of osteoblasts, which deposit calcium into the skeleton

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18
Q

mineral deposition (mineralization) is a…

A

crystallization process in which calcium, phosphate, and other ions are taken from the blood plasma and deposited in bone tissue

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19
Q

parathyroid hormone (PTH) is secreted by the ___ ___

A

parathyroid glands

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20
Q

parathyroid glands release PTH when blood calcium is ___

A

low

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21
Q

PTH ___ the calcium level by ___ mechanisms

A

raises

4

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22
Q

PTH raises the calcium level by 4 mechanisms:

(1)

A

it binds to receptors on the osteoblasts, which in turn stimulate the osteoclast population and promote bone resorption

23
Q

PTH raises the calcium level by 4 mechanisms:

(2)

A

it promotes calcium reabsorption by the kidneys, so less calcium is lost in the urine

24
Q

PTH raises the calcium level by 4 mechanisms:

(3)

A

it promotes the final step of calcitriol synthesis in the kidneys, thus enhancing the calcium-raising effect of calcitriol

25
Q

PTH raises the calcium level by 4 mechanisms:

(4)

A

it inhibits collagen synthesis by osteoblasts, thus inhibiting bone deposition

26
Q

phosphate homeostasis is ___ regulated as calcium levels

A

not as tightly regulated

27
Q

phosphate is required for…

A

bone strength
component of DNA, RNA, ATP, phospholipids, and other compounds

28
Q

how does calcitriol affect phosphate levels?

A

raises phosphate blood level while raising calcium blood level

29
Q

how does parathyroid hormone affect blood phosphate levels?

A

lowers the blood phosphate level by promoting its urinary excretion

30
Q

other factors affecting bone:

why do adolescent girls grow faster but for a shorter time than boys?

A

adolescent girls grow faster and attain their full height earlier

adolescent girls begin puberty earlier
estrogen has a stronger effect than testosterone

31
Q

other factors affecting bone:

why do adolescent boys grow slower than girls?

A

adolescent boys grow slower but for a longer time –> attain full height later

adolescent boys begin puberty later
testosterone has a weaker effect than estrogen

32
Q

___ ___ eventually deplete the cartilage of the ___ ___, bring about closure of the ___, and put an end to one’s growth in height

A

sex steroids
epiphysial plates
epiphyses

33
Q

mineral deposition into bones begin where?

A

in fetal ossification

34
Q

what is the process of dissolving bone and releasing minerals into the blood called?

A

resportion

35
Q

in the human body, where is 99% of the calcium found?

A

the bones

36
Q

if a patient has abnormally high blood calcium levels, they are said to have a condition called ___

A

hypercalcemia

37
Q

calcitriol acts on which organs to raise blood calcium levels?

A

bones
small intestines
kidneys

38
Q

where does the calcium and phosphate used to mineralize bone come from?

A

the blood

(osteoblasts build new bone using calcium and phosphate from the blood)

39
Q

what does the hormone calcitonin do?

A

calcitonin repsonds to hypercalcemia
there is too much calcium in the blood –>
calcitonin lowers blood calcium levels

calcitonin inhibits osteoclasts and stimulates osteoblasts

–> prevents calcium from coming out of bone, takes calcium out of blood and puts it into bone –> lowers blood calcium levels

40
Q

in order for minerals such as calcium and phosphate to be liberated from bone, which process must occur?

A

resorption

41
Q

PTH is a hormone released by parathyroid glands in response to what?

A

low blood calcium levels

42
Q

in the human body, what percentage of calcium in the body is found in the bones?

A

99%

43
Q

which mineral is more closely regulated by the body –calcium and phosphate?

A

calcium

44
Q

which condition is characterized by excessive excitability of the nervous and muscular systems due to low blood calcium levels?

A

hypocalcemia

45
Q

do adolescent girls or boys tend to attain their full height earlier in life?

A

adolescent girls

46
Q

vitamin D, also known as ___, raises the blood calcium level

A

calcitriol

47
Q

which hormone inhibits osteoclasts and stimulates osteoblasts to lower blood calcium levels?

A

calcitonin

48
Q

a low blood calcium level stimulates the release of which hormone?

A

parathyroid hormone

49
Q

how does calcitriol affect blood phosphate levels?

A

it raises them

50
Q

which hormone has a greater effect on bone growth?

A

estrogen

51
Q

calcitriol acts on which organs to raise blood calcium levels?

A

kidneys
small intestines
bones

52
Q

what does the hormone calcitonin do?

A

responds to hypercalcemia –> calcitonin lowers blood calcium levels

inhibit osteoclasts and stimulate osteoblasts

53
Q

which hormone inhibits osteoclasts and stimulates osteoblasts to lower blood calcium levels?

A

calcitonin

54
Q

what does the hormone calcitonin do?

A

responds to hypercalcemia –> lowers blood calcium levels

inhibits osteoclasts and stimulates osteoblasts

BIOL 203 – Anatomy & Physiology (58 decks)

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