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BIOL 203 – Anatomy & Physiology > Lecture 22 -- NS VIII -- Sensory Organs I > Flashcards

Lecture 22 -- NS VIII -- Sensory Organs I Flashcards

1
Q

some concepts to know:

sensory receptor (definition)

A

any structure specialized to detect a stimulus

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2
Q

some concepts to know:

sense organ (definition)

A

structure that combines nervous tissue w/ other tissue that enhances its response to a certain type of stimulus

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3
Q

some concepts to know:

exteroreceptors sense stimuli ___ to the body

A

external

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4
Q

some concepts to know:

interoceptors (AKA ___) sense stimuli in the ___ organs

A

visceroceptors

internal

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5
Q

some concepts to know:

explain receptor potential

A

energy of stimulus is transduced into electrical response

receptor potential is a type of local potential

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6
Q

some concepts to know:

how does the brain distinguish stimuli intensities?

A
  • which neurons are firing
  • how many
  • how fast
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7
Q

some concepts to know:

explain sensory adaptation

A

if stimulus is prolonged –> decrease neuron firing frequency –> less aware of stimulus

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8
Q

LO1: classify receptors according to stimulus modality

match the type of stimulus w/ sensation it produces:

thermoreceptors

A

heat/cold

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9
Q

LO1: classify receptors according to stimulus modality

match the type of stimulus w/ sensation it produces:

mechanoreceptors

A

physical deformation of (plasma mb) cell or tissue by:
- vibration/touch/pressure (tactile receptors)
- stretch (proprioceptors)
- tension/pressure changes in walls of blood vessels, digestive organs, bladder, lungs (baroreceptors)

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10
Q

LO1: classify receptors according to stimulus modality

match the type of stimulus w/ sensation it produces:

chemoreceptors

A

chemicals (odors, tastes, body fluid composition

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11
Q

LO1: classify receptors according to stimulus modality

match the type of stimulus w/ sensation it produces:

photoreceptors

A

light

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12
Q

LO1: classify receptors according to stimulus modality

match the type of stimulus w/ sensation it produces:

nociceptors

A

pain

tissue injury/damage

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13
Q

LO2: compare general senses vs. special senses considering: (a) receptor body distribution, (b) information carried, (c) structures that detect the stimulus

what are the 2 types of senses?
where are they distributed?

A

receptors limited to head – special senses

receptors all over body – general (somatosensory) senses

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14
Q

LO2: compare general senses vs. special senses considering: (a) receptor body distribution, (b) information carried, (c) structures that detect the stimulus

receptors confined to head:

A

5 special senses:
(1) smell
(2) taste
(3) balance
(4) hearing
(5) vision

“special” bc receptors are confined to head and have specialized structures for detection

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15
Q

LO2: compare general senses vs. special senses considering: (a) receptor body distribution, (b) information carried, (c) structures that detect the stimulus

receptors all over body

A

general (somatosensory, somesthetic) senses

“general” senses are everything else:
(1) touch
(2) pain
(3) temp
- etc.

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16
Q

LO2: compare general senses vs. special senses considering: (a) receptor body distribution, (b) information carried, (c) structures that detect the stimulus

general senses:

what information do they carry?

A

touch, pain temp

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17
Q

LO2: compare general senses vs. special senses considering: (a) receptor body distribution, (b) information carried, (c) structures that detect the stimulus

general senses:

how are stimuli detected?

A

receptive endings of sensory neurons

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18
Q

LO2: compare general senses vs. special senses considering: (a) receptor body distribution, (b) information carried, (c) structures that detect the stimulus

general senses:

what are signals carried by?

A

axons of spinal or cranial nerves

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19
Q

LO2: compare general senses vs. special senses considering: (a) receptor body distribution, (b) information carried, (c) structures that detect the stimulus

general senses:

what kind of electrical signal is sent?

A

fire action potentials

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20
Q

LO2: compare general senses vs. special senses considering: (a) receptor body distribution, (b) information carried, (c) structures that detect the stimulus

special senses:

what information is carried?

A

taste
vision
hearing
balance

excludes smell

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21
Q

LO2: compare general senses vs. special senses considering: (a) receptor body distribution, (b) information carried, (c) structures that detect the stimulus

special senses:

how are stimuli detected?

what does the stimulus do?

A

by sensory receptors on separate specialized sensory cell (not neurons)

stimulus triggers NT release from sensory cell

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22
Q

LO2: compare general senses vs. special senses considering: (a) receptor body distribution, (b) information carried, (c) structures that detect the stimulus

special senses:

what are signals carried by?

A

axons of cranial nerves

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23
Q

LO2: compare general senses vs. special senses considering: (a) receptor body distribution, (b) information carried, (c) structures that detect the stimulus

special senses:

what kind of electrical signal is sent?

A

non-neuron receptors have graded changes in membrane potential

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24
Q

LO2: compare general senses vs. special senses considering: (a) receptor body distribution, (b) information carried, (c) structures that detect the stimulus

special senses – smell:

what kind of information is carried?

A

smell

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25
Q

LO2: compare general senses vs. special senses considering: (a) receptor body distribution, (b) information carried, (c) structures that detect the stimulus

special senses – smell:

how are stimuli detected?

A

receptive endings of olfactory neurons in PNS

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26
Q

LO2: compare general senses vs. special senses considering: (a) receptor body distribution, (b) information carried, (c) structures that detect the stimulus

special senses – smell:

how are signals carried?

A

cranial nerves in CNS

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27
Q

LO3: differentiate b/n unencapsulated vs. encapsulated nerve endings

what are the two types of nerve endings on somatosensory receptors (receptors for general senses)

A

unencapsulated

encapsulated

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28
Q

LO3: differentiate b/n unencapsulated vs. encapsulated nerve endings:

unencapsulated nerve endings (definition)

A

dendrites w/ no connective tissue wrapping

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29
Q

LO3: differentiate b/n unencapsulated vs. encapsulated nerve endings:

encapsulated nerve endings (definition)

A

nerve fibers wrapped in glial cells or connective tissue

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30
Q

LO4: list the types of receptor types in each group, indicating their modalities (not location):

unencapsulated nerve ending:
3 receptor types:

A

free nerve endings

tactile discs (Merkel discs)

hair receptors (root hair plexus)

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31
Q

LO4: list the types of receptor types in each group, indicating their modalities (not location):

encapsulated nerve ending receptor types (general description)

A

4 major types of encapsulated mechanoreceptors
–> provide information to the CNS
–> touch, pressure, vibration, and cutaneous tension

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32
Q

LO4: list the types of receptor types in each group, indicating their modalities (not location):

encapsulated nerve ending:
5 receptor types:

A

tactile (Meissner’s) corpuscles

(Krause) end bulbs

bulbous corpuscles (Ruffini ending or Ruffini corpuscle)

lamella (Pacinian) corpuscles

muscle spindles and tendon organs (Golgi)

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33
Q

LO4: list the types of receptor types in each group, indicating their modalities (not location):

free nerve endings:
- unencapsulated or encapsulated nerve endings?
- modality?

A

unencapsulated nerve ending

pain (nociceptors)
heat (warm-R)
cold (cold-R)

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34
Q

LO4: list the types of receptor types in each group, indicating their modalities (not location):

tactile (Merkel) discs:
- unencapsulated or encapsulated nerve endings?
- modality?

A

unencapsulated

light touch (static discrimination of shapes, edges, and rough textures)

compression the skin releases serotonin

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35
Q

LO4: list the types of receptor types in each group, indicating their modalities (not location):

hair receptors (root hair plexus):
- unencapsulated or encapsulated nerve endings?
- modality?

A

unencapsulated

light touch – respond to movement of hairs

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36
Q

LO4: list the types of receptor types in each group, indicating their modalities (not location):

tactile (Meissner’s) corpuscles:
- unencapsulated or encapsulated nerve endings?
- structure?
- modality?

A

encapsulated

fluid-filled capsule of Schwann cells

indentation and slipping of objects (low-frequency vibrations)

muscle spindles and tendon organs (golgi)

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37
Q

LO4: list the types of receptor types in each group, indicating their modalities (not location):

(Krause) end bulbs:
- unencapsulated or encapsulated nerve endings?
- modality?

A

encapsulated

temperature
touch

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38
Q

LO4: list the types of receptor types in each group, indicating their modalities (not location):

bulbous corpuscles (Ruffini ending or Ruffini corpuscle):
- unencapsulated or encapsulated nerve endings?
- modality?

A

encapsulated

stretch
heavy continuous touch/pressure – shapes perception

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39
Q

LO4: list the types of receptor types in each group, indicating their modalities (not location):

lamellar (Pacinian) corpuscles:
- unencapsulated or encapsulated nerve endings?
- structure?
- modality?

A

encapsulated

1 dendrite
multiple concentric cell layers

vibration

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40
Q

LO4: list the types of receptor types in each group, indicating their modalities (not location):

muscle spindles and tendon organs (Golgi):
- unencapsulated or encapsulated nerve endings?

A

encapsulated

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41
Q

LO5: compare the 3 types of pain

define pain

characteristics of pain…

A

uncomfortable conscious perception of tissue injury or noxious stimulation

subjective, highly variable, influenced by mental state

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42
Q

LO5: compare the 3 types of pain

what are the 3 types of pain?

A

nociceptive vs neuropathic vs. nociplastic

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43
Q

LO5: compare the 3 types of pain

define nociceptive pain

A

pain that arises from actual or threatened damage to non-neural tissue and is due to the activation of nociceptors

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44
Q

LO5: compare the 3 types of pain

what are the 2 types of nociceptive pain?

A

visceral pain

somatic pain

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45
Q

LO5: compare the 3 types of pain

where does nociceptive pain come from?

A

stems from tissue injury (cuts, burns, chemical irritation) – tissue inflammation

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46
Q

LO5: compare the 3 types of pain

examples of visceral nociceptive pain

A

mucosal injury – peptic ulcer

ischemia – angina

obstruction or capsular distension – kidney stones

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47
Q

LO5: compare the 3 types of pain

what are the 2 types of somatic pain?

A

deep vs. superficial

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48
Q

LO5: compare the 3 types of pain

what body parts are affected by deep somatic nociceptive pain?

what is an example?

A

bones
joints
muscles

osteoarthritis

49
Q

LO5: compare the 3 types of pain

what body parts are affected by superficial somatic nociceptive pain?

what is an example?

A

skin

50
Q

LO5: compare the 3 types of pain

define neuropathic pain and its characteristic sensations

A

pain caused by a lesion or disease of the somatosensory nervous system

burning, tingling, or “electrical” sensations

51
Q

LO5: compare the 3 types of pain

give examples of neuropathic pain:

A

ischemia

stroke

postherpetic neuralgia

multiple sclerosis

spinal cord injury (trauma)

52
Q

LO5: compare the 3 types of pain

describe neuropathic pain caused by ischemia:

A

peripheral vascular disease, diabetes

circulation disorder

most common is artherosclerosis (build up of plaque inside artery wall)

causes:
- narrowing, blockage, or spasms in blood vessel

53
Q

LO5: compare the 3 types of pain

describe neuropathic pain caused by stroke:

A

(brain attack) –> blood flow to the brain is stopped

54
Q

LO5: compare the 3 types of pain

describe neuropathic pain caused by postherpetic neuralgia:

A

lasting pain in areas of skin where you had shingles –> caused by chickenpox

55
Q

LO5: compare the 3 types of pain

describe neuropathic pain caused by multiple sclerosis:

A

immune system attacks myeline nerve sheathing in brain and spinal cord

56
Q

LO5: compare the 3 types of pain

what kind of pain is caused by trauma to spinal cord?

A

neuropathic

57
Q

LO5: compare the 3 types of pain

define nociplastic pain

what are some symptoms?

A

pain from altered nociception even though there is no clear evidence of tissue damage causing the activation of peripheral nociceptors or evidence of damage to somatosensory systems

symptoms:
- multifocal pain and other CNS-associated symptoms

58
Q

LO5: compare the 3 types of pain

what are 2 examples of nociplastic pain?

A

fibromyalgia

irritable bowel syndrome

59
Q

LO5: compare the 3 types of pain

describe fibromyalgia

A

a type of nociplastic pain

causes widespread pain, sleep problems, fatigue, and often emotional and mental distress. Patients might have abnormal pain perception processing (increased sensitivity to pain)

(diffuse sensitization)

60
Q

LO5: compare the 3 types of pain

describe irritable bowel syndrome

A

a type of nociplastic pain

abdominal discomfort associated w/ altered bowel movements. Many symptoms are related to hypersensitivity of the nerves found in wall of GI tract

(functional visceral pain)

61
Q

LO6: list the endogenous molecules that produce pain in the PNS and CNS:

what do endogenous molecules do?

A

contribute to the transmission of pain and make the nociceptors more sensitive

62
Q

LO6: list the endogenous molecules that produce pain in the PNS and CNS:

define inflammation

A

during an injury, damaged cells release their contents into extracellular space

63
Q

LO6: list the endogenous molecules that produce pain in the PNS and CNS:

list the endogenous molecules that produce pain in PNS and CNS

A

(1) histamin, NGF
(2) bradykinin
(3) serotonin (5-HT)
(4) prostaglandin
(5) H+
(6) edema
(7) substance P and CGRP

64
Q

LO6: list the endogenous molecules that produce pain in the PNS and CNS:

what is bradykinin?

A

an endogenous molecule
released during inflammation

one of the most powerful pain-causing agents

65
Q

LO6: list the endogenous molecules that produce pain in the PNS and CNS:

what is prostaglandin and how does it work?

A

an endogenous molecule
released during inflammation

sensitizes the nociceptors to the substances generated by the injury

66
Q

LO6: list the endogenous molecules that produce pain in the PNS and CNS:

what does H+ do?

A

an endogenous molecule
released during inflammation

activates ion channels in certain nociceptors directly

responsible for muscle pains associated w/ production of ATP under anaerobic conditions, which generates lactic acid

67
Q

LO6: list the endogenous molecules that produce pain in the PNS and CNS:

what is an edema?

A

vasodilation of local capillaries

68
Q

LO6: list the endogenous molecules that produce pain in the PNS and CNS:

describe “axon reflex”

A

nociceptors at site of tissue injury release substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptides (CGRP)

further Vd, bradykinin, histamine, 5-HT release

69
Q

LO6: list the endogenous molecules that produce pain in the PNS and CNS:

what are the efferent and afferent endogenous molecules?

A

efferent – opiates

afferent – substance P, glutamate

70
Q

LO7: describe the 3 families of endogenous opioid peptides: name, main receptor, and function:

3 distinct families of peptides are…

A

enkephalins

endorphins

dynorphins

71
Q

LO7: describe the 3 families of endogenous opioid peptides: name, main receptor, and function:

enkephalins (main receptor, function)

A

delta receptor

involved in nociception – attenuate substance P release in the dorsal form of the spinal cord and inhibit afferent pain fibers

72
Q

LO7: describe the 3 families of endogenous opioid peptides: name, main receptor, and function:

endorphins (main receptor, function)

A

mu receptor

produced by hypothalamus and pituitary gland

produce analgesia and well-being

73
Q

LO7: describe the 3 families of endogenous opioid peptides: name, main receptor, and function:

dynorphins (main receptor, function)

A

kappa receptor

involved in pain, addiction, and mood regulation

74
Q

LO8: explain what causes referred pain

define referred pain

A

activation of nociceptors in viscera results in perception of pain on body surface

75
Q

LO8: explain what causes referred pain

define referred pain

A

activation of nociceptors in viscera results in perception of pain on body surface

76
Q

LO8: explain what causes referred pain

referred pain results from…

A

convergence of neural pathways in CNS

77
Q

LO8: explain what causes referred pain

explain cardiac pain referral mechanism:

A

(1) heart attack –> pain signals

(2) spinal cord segments T1-T5 receive input from heart, chest, and arm. Pain fibers converge and follow the same pathway.

(3) brain can’t distinguish which source the arriving signals are coming from

(4) patient perceives diffuse pain in T1-4 dermatomes

78
Q

LO9: what are taste buds and where are they found?

taste buds are the true…

A

taste organ

79
Q

LO9: what are taste buds and where are they found?

describe filiform papillae

A

scale-like projections that cover tongue’s surface

sense pressure

80
Q

LO9: what are taste buds and where are they found?

describe fungiform papillae

A

round areas that contain taste buds

81
Q

LO9: what are taste buds and where are they found?

describe vallate papillae

A

V-shaped

82
Q

LO9: what are taste buds and where are they found?

define papilla

A

wart-like bumps on the mucous membrane of the tongue

83
Q

LO9: what are taste buds and where are they found?

describe taste buds

A

contain gustatory receptor cells (taste cells)

contain taste pores and microvilli (hair)

84
Q

LO11: explain how taste receptors and associated sensory nerve fibers are stimulated

define tastants

A

chemical stimuli

85
Q

LO10: describe the structure of a taste bud

A

basal cell – stem cells

supporting cells

axons of sensory neurons

taste hairs

gustatory receptor cells (taste cells), half life = 7-10 days

taste pores

86
Q

LO11: explain how taste receptors and associated sensory nerve fibers are stimulated

which tastants are recepted by ligand-gated ion channels?

A

salt – metal ions Na+ and K+
sour – associated w/ acids

87
Q

LO11: explain how taste receptors and associated sensory nerve fibers are stimulated

which tastants are recepted by G protein-coupled receptors? (GPCR)

A

sweet – carbs
bitter – spoiled foods and alkaloids
umami – “meaty” – aspartic and glutamic acids

88
Q

LO11: explain how taste receptors and associated sensory nerve fibers are stimulated

how are the taste sensory neurons of stimulated

A

neurotransmitters release after tastants are recepted

89
Q

LO11: explain how taste receptors and associated sensory nerve fibers are stimulated

each taste cell has receptors for ___ type of taste, but a taste bud is typically composed of ___ cells detecting different tastes

A

only 1

several

90
Q

LO12: describe the gustatory projection pathways

which cranial nerves are involved in gustatory projection?

A

mixed cranial nerves: 5, 7, 9, 10

5: trigeminal
7: facial
9: glossopharyngeal nerve
10: vagus

91
Q

LO12: describe the gustatory projection pathways

list the steps of the gustatory projection pathways

A

(1) gustatory info is relayed from tongue (taste buds) via cranial nerves to nucleus of solitary tract (NTS)

(2) NTs relays signals to:

(a) nuclei in hypothalamus and amygdala –> activate autonomic reflexes (salivation, gagging, vomiting) and emotions and memory associated w/ taste

(b) thalamus –> gustatory cortex (insula) and orbitofrontal cortex

(3) in orbitofrontal cortex – taste signals are integrated w/ signals from nose and eyes – overall impression of food flavor and palatability

92
Q

LO13: describe the olfactory mucosa: definition, localization, and composition

define olfaction

A

a response to airborne chemicals called odorants

93
Q

LO13: describe the olfactory mucosa: definition, localization, and composition

how are odorants detected?

A

by receptor cells in olfactory mucosa

94
Q

LO13: describe the olfactory mucosa: definition, localization, and composition

define olfactory mucosa

A

patch of epithelium in the roof of the nasal cavity

95
Q

LO13: describe the olfactory mucosa: definition, localization, and composition

what are the components of the olfactory mucosa?

A

cilia: olfactory hairs

supporting cells – provide metabolic and structural support

olfactory receptor cell – neurons (half life of 60 days

basal cell – stem cells, replace olfactory receptor cells

96
Q

LO13: describe the olfactory mucosa: definition, localization, and composition

what are the components of the olfactory mucosa?

A

cilia: olfactory hairs

supporting cells – provide metabolic and structural support

olfactory receptor cell – neurons (half life of 60 days

basal cell – stem cells, replace olfactory receptor cell

97
Q

LO13: describe the olfactory mucosa: definition, localization, and composition

olfactory nerve fiber axons are arranged in ___

collectively, the fascicles are regarded as the ___

A

fascicles

olfactory nerve (CN I)

98
Q

LO14: discuss the steps for olfactory sensory transduction

list the 4 steps:

A

(1)
hydrophilic odorants diffuse freely and bind directly to a receptor (GPCR)

hydrophobic odorants are transported by an odorant-binding protein

(2) a receptor-odorant complex is formed – activates (thru G protein) adenylate cyclase (an enzyme) –> converts ATP to cAMP (2nd messenger)

(3) cAMP opens Na+ channels in plasma mb of cilia –> depolarizes –> creates receptor potential

(4) depolarization is conducted to axon hillock of olfactory sensory neuron –> AP is generated –> signal transmitted to brain

99
Q

LO15: describe the olfactory projection pathways

olfactory tracts – how are they formed? what is their function?

A

formed from bundles of axons of tufted and mitral cells

carry out olfactory info to brain structures

100
Q

LO15: describe the olfactory projection pathways

explain difference b/n tract and nerve and which NS they’re found in

A

nerve = collection of nerve fibers in CNS

tract = collection of nerve fibers in PNS

101
Q

LO15: describe the olfactory projection pathways

olfactory nerve (CN 1): what is it composed of?

A

many small olfactory nerve fascicles

102
Q

LO15: describe the olfactory projection pathways

what is a glomerulus in olfactory bulb?

A

spherical structure where synapses form b/n terminals of olfactory fibers and dendrites of mitral and tufted cells

103
Q

LO15: describe the olfactory projection pathways

explain how receptor cells and mitral and tufted cells synapse to form glomerulus

A

receptor cells expressing the same receptor project their axons to the same discrete glomeruli w/in the olfactory bulb

receptor cells synapse w/ dendrites of mitral and tufted cells to form the glomerulus

104
Q

LO15: describe the olfactory projection pathways

what kind of cells are tufted and mitral cells?

A

neurons

105
Q

LO15: describe the olfactory projection pathways

how many types of odors does each glomerulus detect?

A

1

106
Q

LO16: indicate the brain regions where the olfactory signals are processed and integrated w/ other sensory input

where is the primary olfactory cortex located?

describe its structure.

how does it receive input?

what does it do

A

located in temporal lobe

not a single structure

receives input directly from olfactory bulb

creates conscious perception of odor and relays signals to other brain destinations

107
Q

LO16: indicate the brain regions where the olfactory signals are processed and integrated w/ other sensory input

list parts of the primary olfactory cortex and their functions

A

piriform cortex – “pear” shape – travels to OFC and thalamus

amygdala – emotional responses

entorhinal cortex – travels to hippocampus

108
Q

LO16: indicate the brain regions where the olfactory signals are processed and integrated w/ other sensory input

what are the primary parts of the secondary olfactory cortex?

where is the secondary olfactory cortex located?

what does it do?

A

orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and insula

OFC:
- located in the prefrontal cortex above the eyes
- identifies and discriminates among odors
- integrates odors, taste, and vision

109
Q

LO16: indicate the brain regions where the olfactory signals are processed and integrated w/ other sensory input

what does the hippocampus have to do with olfaction?

A

olfactory memory

110
Q

LO16: indicate the brain regions where the olfactory signals are processed and integrated w/ other sensory input

where are signals from temporal lobes relayed?

A

signals from each temporal lobe are relayed to contralateral temporal lobe, so all processing is mirrored in both cerebral hemispheres

111
Q

LO16: indicate the brain regions where the olfactory signals are processed and integrated w/ other sensory input

where is odor info sent?

what kind of response does it trigger?

what is the response involved in?

A

odor info is sent to hypothalamus and brainstem

triggers autonomic responses

involved in appetite, salivation, and gastric contraction

112
Q

LO17: which cells mediate cortical feedback modulation for the olfactory bulb circuit? How?

A

granule cells (interneurons)

olfactory cortex sends fibers back to olfactory bulbs to synapse onto the inhibitory (GABAergic) granule cells (interneurons)

granule cells can inhibit the mitral and tufted cells

113
Q

what are the principal relays of olfactory info from bulb to brain?

A

mitral and tufted cells

114
Q

LO17: which cells mediate cortical feedback modulation for the olfactory bulb circuit? How?

what is the result of cortical feedback modulation of olfactory bulb circuit?

A

granule cells (interneurons) are inhibitory –>

odors can change in quality and significance under different conditions

115
Q

what are olfactory receptor cells?

A

neurons that contain hair-like cilia containing specialized receptor-proteins that recognize odor molecules

116
Q

what is the olfactory bulb?

A

relay station of the olfactory pathway and contains olfactory glomeruli

117
Q

what is the olfactory cortex?

A

piriform cortex, amygdala, entorhinal cortex

118
Q

what is the olfactory tract?

A

made up of axons of mitral and tufted neurons

119
Q

what is the olfactory nerve?

A

CN I formed out of a collection of olfactory receptor cell axons, which pass thru the crifbriform plate and into the roof of the nasal cavity

BIOL 203 – Anatomy & Physiology (58 decks)

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