Lecture 24 -- Sensory organs II - Vision pt 2, Endocrine system pt 1

Question 1

LO1: photoreceptor cells: indicate type of vision and visual pigment for each:

night vision

Answer 1

aka scotopic vision

rod –> have cilium specialized to absorb light

visual pigment – rhodopsin

Question 2

LO1: photoreceptor cells: indicate type of vision and visual pigment for each:

day vision

Answer 2

aka photopic vision

cone

visual pigment – photopsin

Question 3

LO1: photoreceptor cells: indicate type of vision and visual pigment for each:

color vision

Question 4

LO1: photoreceptor cells: indicate type of vision and visual pigment for each:

color vision

Answer 4

aka trichromatic vision

cone

visual pigment – photopsin

Question 5

LO1: photoreceptor cells: indicate type of vision and visual pigment for each:

rods and cones are both a specialized type of…

Answer 5

neuroepithelial cell

Question 6

LO2: differentiate among the 3 types of cones responsible or color vision

how many cones are responsible for color vision?

Answer 6

3

Question 7

LO2: differentiate among the 3 types of cones responsible or color vision

what are the 3 types of cones?

Answer 7

S-blue (short)

M-green (medium)

L-red (long)

Question 8

LO2: differentiate among the 3 types of cones responsible or color vision

how is perception of colors formed?

Answer 8

based on mixture of nerve signals representing cones w/ different absorption peaks

Question 9

LO3: summarize the steps in Phototransduction in the rods

define Phototransduction

Answer 9

conversion of light energy into action potentials in retina

Question 10

LO4: sequence the light path from the photoreceptor cells to the optic nerve

Answer 10

light travels through to back of eye and hits retina:

1) photoreceptors

2) horizontal and amacrine cells

3) bipolar cell (1st order)

4) ganglion cell (2nd order) –> optic nerve

Question 11

LO5: indicate the synaptic relationships of the retinal cells

photoreceptors (sequence and function)

Answer 11

retina –> photoreceptors

captures light and converts it into electrical signals (phototransduction)

Question 12

LO5: indicate the synaptic relationships of the retinal cells

horizontal and amacrine cells (sequence and function)

Answer 12

retina –> photoreceptors –> horizontal and amacrine cells

interneurons that modify that rate of electrical firing in bipolar cells

Question 13

LO5: indicate the synaptic relationships of the retinal cells

bipolar cells (sequence and function)

Answer 13

retina –> photoreceptor –> horizontal and amacrine cells –> bipolar cells

1st-order neurons of visual pathway

Question 14

LO5: indicate the synaptic relationships of the retinal cells

ganglion cells (sequence and function)

Answer 14

retina –> photoreceptors –> horizontal and amacrine cells –> bipolar cells –> ganglion cells

2nd-order neurons of visual pathway

some act as photoreceptors that express melanopsin (a type of photopigment)

Question 15

LO5: indicate the synaptic relationships of the retinal cells

the axons of the ___ form the ___

Answer 15

axons of retinal ganglion cells form the optic nerve

Question 16

LO3: summarize the steps in phototransduction in the rods:

in light:

Answer 16

rhodopsin absorbs light

cis-retinal is converted to trans-retinal –> separates from opsin

glutamate secretion ceases

Question 17

LO3: summarize the steps in phototransduction in rods:

in darkness:

Answer 17

rhodopsin absorbs no light

cis-retinal remains –> remains connected to opsin

glutamate secretion continues

Question 18

LO6: trace the visual projection pathways:

what is the order?

Answer 18

fixation point –> optic nerve –> optic chasm –> optic tract –> pretectal nucleus –> superior colliculus –> lateral geniculate nucleus –> optic radiation –> occipital lobe (visual cortex)

Question 19

LO6: trace the visual projection pathways:

what is stereoscopic vision?

Answer 19

ability to see environment in 3D

Question 20

LO6: trace the visual projection pathways:

how is the optic nerve formed?

Answer 20

CN II

axons of retinal ganglion cells

Question 21

LO6: trace the visual projection pathways:

explain hemidecussation in optic chiasm

Answer 21

1/2 of fibers from left and right optic nerves cross over to opposite sides of brain –>

decussation = cross-over
hemi = half
hemidecussation = half crosses over

Question 22

LO6: trace the visual projection pathways:

what are the pretectal nucleus and superior colliculus made of?

what do they do?

Answer 22

optic nerve fibers from the melanopsin-containing ganglion cells

pretectal nucleus –> photo pupillary and accommodation reflexes

superior colliculus –> control visual reflexes of the extrinsic eye muscles

Question 23

LO6: trace the visual projection pathways:

what happens in the occipital lobe (visual cortex)?

Answer 23

conscious visual sensation

Question 24

LO7: identify the organs of the endocrine system and other organs containing tissues that secrete hormones in the human body

what are the organs of the endocrine system?

Answer 24

hypothalamus
pituitary gland
pineal gland
parathyroid glands
thyroid gland
adrenal glands
pancreas

Question 25

LO7: identify the organs of the endocrine system and other organs containing tissues that secrete hormones in the human body what are the organs w/ secondary endocrine functions?

Answer 25

heart thymus adipose tissue digestive tract kidneys gonads

Question 26

LO7: identify the organs of the endocrine system and other organs containing tissues that secrete hormones in the human body what is the endocrine system made of?

Answer 26

made up of all the glands, tissues, and cells that secrete hormones

Question 27

LO7: identify the organs of the endocrine system and other organs containing tissues that secrete hormones in the human body what are hormones?

Answer 27

chemical messengers transported by the bloodstream and stimulate physiological responses in cells of another tissue or organ

Question 28

LO8: differentiate b/n endocrine and exocrine glands what is a gland?

Answer 28

organ that makes one or more substances, such as hormones, digestive juices, sweat, tears, saliva, or milk

Question 29

LO8: differentiate b/n endocrine and exocrine glands endocrine glands have what function? how do endocrine glands secrete their hormones?

Answer 29

intracellular effects --> alter cell metabolism directly into blood --> ductless blood capillaries pick up and carry away their hormones

Question 30

LO8: differentiate b/n endocrine and exocrine glands exocrine glands have what function?

Answer 30

extracellular effects --> digestion of food release substances into a duct or opening to the inside or outside of the body

Question 31

LO8: differentiate b/n endocrine and exocrine glands pancreas serves as ___ glands in one it can behave as an ___ or ___

Answer 31

2 exocrine gland endocrine gland

Question 32

LO8: differentiate b/n endocrine and exocrine glands pancreas serves as 2 glands in one: exocrine gland (describe)

Answer 32

acinar cells --> discharge digestive enzymes into ducts that empty into duodenum

Question 33

LO8: differentiate b/n endocrine and exocrine glands pancreas serves as 2 glands in one: endocrine gland (describe)

Answer 33

islets of Langerhans --> secrete hormones into blood

Question 34

LO9: indicate similarities b/n the NS and endocrine system similarities:

Answer 34

1) internal communication 2) function as both NT and H 3) identical effects 4) target cells 4) target cells are receptors both serve for internal communication -- they complement each other several chemicals function as both NT and H (NOR, dopamine, ADH) some H and NT produce identical effects on the same organ only certain target organs or target cells are receptors that respond to NT or H

Question 35

LO10: describe neuroendocrine (neurosecretory) cells

Answer 35

act like neurons but release hormones into bloodstream

Question 36

LO10: describe neuroendocrine (neurosecretory) cells examples of neuroendocrine cells and what they secrete

Answer 36

magnocellular neurosecretory cells --> synthesize oxytocin and vasopressin (ADH) adenohypophyseal hormone-releasing factors

Question 37

LO11: describe anatomical relationship b/n hypothalamus and pituitary gland --> hypophysis what does the hypophyseal portal system link? what does the hypophyseal portal system regulate?

Answer 37

blood vessels that link hypothalamus and anterior pituitary --> adenohypophysis regulates mechanism for hypothalamic neuroendocrine regulation of pituitary function

Question 38

LO11: describe anatomical relationship b/n hypothalamus and pituitary gland --> hypophysis what connects the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland?

Answer 38

hypophyseal portal system

Question 39

LO11: describe anatomical relationship b/n hypothalamus and pituitary gland --> hypophysis what does the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract connect?

Answer 39

hypothalamus and posterior pituitary gland

Question 40

LO11: describe anatomical relationship b/n hypothalamus and pituitary gland --> hypophysis what connects the hypothalamus with the posterior pituitary gland?

Answer 40

hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract

Question 41

LO11: describe anatomical relationship b/n hypothalamus and pituitary gland --> hypophysis what is the posterior pituitary gland controlled by?

Answer 41

neuroendocrine reflexes

Question 42

LO11: describe anatomical relationship b/n hypothalamus and pituitary gland --> hypophysis explain the hypothalami-hypophyseal tract: the somas of the neuroendocrine cells are located in the ___, more specifically in the ___ nucleus and ___ nucleus the axons of the neuroendocrine cells pass down the stalk as a bundle and end in the ___ ___ (___)

Answer 42

hypothalamus paraventricular nucleus supraoptic nucleus posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)