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Biochemistry > Lecture 36 - Integration of Metabolism > Flashcards

Lecture 36 - Integration of Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following is not a metabolic intermediate that links multiple pathways?

A. Glucose
B. Glucose-6-Phosphate
C. Pyruvate
D. Acetyl-CoA

A

A. Glucose

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2
Q

Which of the following is NOT an end product of glucose-6-phosphate metabolism?

A. Glycogen
B. Pyruvate
C. Alanine
D. Fatty acids

A

C. alanine

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3
Q

Which of the following is not a fate of Acetyl-CoA?

A. CO2
B. fatty acids
C. oxaloacetate
D. ketone bodies

A

C. oxaloacetate

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4
Q

This carries nutrients from the intestine to the liver.

A. hepatic portal vein
B. skeletal muscle
C. adipose tissue
D. liver

A

A. hepatic portal vein

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5
Q 
This processes many metabolites, stores glucose, and produces urea.
A. hepatic portal vein
B. skeletal muscle
C. adipose tissue
D. liver
A

D. liver

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6
Q

This uses ATP for mechanical work

A. hepatic portal vein
B. skeletal muscle
C. adipose tissue
D. liver

A

B. skeletal muscle

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7
Q

This synthesizes, stores, and mobilizes triacylglycerols.

A. hepatic portal vein
B. skeletal muscle
C. adipose tissue
D. liver

A

C. adipose tissue

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8
Q

This metabolic player is the “sensor” of our diet. It metabolizes nutrients, maintains nutrient levels in blood, processes waste, and synthesizes/secretes plasma proteins.

A. hepatic portal vein
B. skeletal muscle
C. adipose tissue
D. liver

A

D. liver

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9
Q

The liver primary relies on ___ for its own energy needs.

A. Glycogen
B. Beta-oxidation of fatty acids
C. glucose
D. ketone bodies

A

B. beta-oxidation of fatty acids

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10
Q

Which of the following is false about metabolism of the liver?

A. it processes most, but not all, dietary amino acids
B. the presence of G-6-Pase makes the liver uniquely able to release glucose from glycogen.
C. It synthesizes most of the urea produced in the body
D. It normally fuels the body by releasing its fat stores during fasting
E. One of its major jobs is to provide fuels for the brain

A

D. It normally fuels the body by releasing its fat stores during fasting

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11
Q

Adipocytes release triglycerides in response to _____.

A. glucagon/epinephrine
B. low blood sugar
C. insulin

A

A. glucagon/epinephrine

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12
Q

Fatty acids are transported via _____ in blood.

A

albumin

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13
Q

ATP is used for _____ needs.

A. immediate
B. short-term
C. long-term

A

A. immediate

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14
Q

In short bursts of heavy activity, ATP is exhausted in ______.

A. 10 seconds
B. 1-2 minutes
C. over 30 minutes
D. 1-2 seconds

A

D. 1-2 secodns

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15
Q

_____ is used to reconstitute ATP in anaerobic conditions.

A

Phosphocreatine

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16
Q

Glycogen is cleaved and metabolized to ____ in anaerobic conditions.

A. pyruvate
B. alanine
C. lactate

A

C. lactate

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17
Q

This major organ is capable of using lactate as a fuel.

A

heart

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18
Q

The Cori-cycle utilizes the ___ to regenerate glucose from lactate for active muscle.

A

liver

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19
Q

Though comprising only 2% of body mass, the brain utilizes what percentage of total body oxygen and glucose?

A

20%

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20
Q

What system would be used by muscle for heavy, short term exercise, such as a long jump?

A

Anaerobic exercise, producing lactate

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21
Q

Though the heart can utilize lactate for fuel, the heart’s primary source of energy is _____.

A. the beta-oxidation of fatty acids
B. pyruvate
C. ATP from the Kreb’s cycle
D. Glycogen stores

A

A. the beta-oxidation of fatty acids

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22
Q

With increased blood glucose levels secondary to diabetes, there are many changes to various metabolic pathways. Outline the following in response to increased BGL:

1) The response of cells
2) Glycogen metabolism
3) Glycolysis
4) Fatty acid synthesis

A

1) More uptake of glucose into the cells
2) Decreased glycogenolysis; increased glycogen synthesis
3) Increased glycolysis/pyruvate production
4) Increased FA synthesis

23
Q

In high blood glucose levels, insulin triggers a secondary messenger system to increase glucose utilization and synthesize glycogen. What type of receptor is the insulin receptor?

A

Tyrosine-kinase receptor

24
Q

Epinephrine can be released in response to multiple sensory inputs. This includes fright, exercise induced hypoglycemia, etc. What type of receptor is the insulin receptor?

A

G-protein coupled receptor

25
Q

Glycogen can be released in response to multiple sensory inputs. This includes fright, exercise induced hypoglycemia, etc. What type of receptor is the glycogen receptor?

A

G-protein coupled receptor

26
Q

In the presence of insulin, the well-fed liver will undergo the production of all of the following except:

a. acetyl-CoA through glycolysis
b. TAGs through TAG synthesis
c. Glucose through glycogenolysis
d. Cholesterol synthesis

A

c. Glucose through glycogenolysis

27
Q

In well fed muscle, glucose is shunted toward the (glycolysis/glycogenesis) pathway.

A

glycogenesis

28
Q

Glucose and amino acids are transported to the liver by ______.

a. chylomicrons
b. the portal vein
c. LDL

A

b. the portal vein

29
Q

In the presence of both glucagon or epinephrine in the fasting liver, which of the following will be down-regulated?

A. glyconeogenesis

b. gluconeogenesis
c. glycolysis
d. glycogenolysis

A

a. glyconeogenesis

30
Q

In response to glucagon/epinephrine, adipocytes will ______ beta oxidation of fatty acids.

A

increase

31
Q

In fasting muscle, beta oxidation will occur in response to epinephrine. What other fuel molecule is used?

A

ketone bodies from the liver

32
Q

Glucose is cleaved from glycogen in a liver in the (extended/early) fasting state.

A

early

33
Q

What type of metabolism is undergone by tissues in long-term exercise?

A

oxidative phosphorylation

34
Q

In the extended fasting state, the liver utilizes all pathways of metabolism except?

A. gluconeogenesis
B. formation of pyruvate from amino acids
c. release of fatty acids from adipocytes
d. glyconeogenesis

A

d. glyconeognesis

35
Q

Excess energy in the form of increased alcohol digestion will increase NADH production and leads to _____.

A

fatty liver disease

36
Q

Why is “fatty liver” a byproduct of alcohol metabolism?

A

Tri-acylglycerides are produced from the metabolism of alcohol in the mitochondrial matrix

37
Q

This functions as the “cellular energy sensory.” It is responsible for the phosphorylation of proteins that control glycogen degradation/synthesis, glucose metabolism, beta-oxidation of fatty acids, etc.

A

AMP activated protein kinase (AMPK)

38
Q

How is AMPK activated?

A

By the presence of low ATP/high AMP

39
Q

What one organ is highly reliant upon AMPK activity?

A

brain

40
Q

Leptin is released during ____ metabolism, and signals that one is full/satisfied.

A

fat

41
Q

What region of the body does leptin act upon?

A

hypothalamus

42
Q

Insulin disruption is believed to occur in obesity. In leptin resistance, _____ interferes the transduction of leptin binding to the receptor. This ultimately causes a person to remain “hungry,” and overeat.

A

SOCS (supressors of cytokine signalling)

43
Q

This is an NAD+ dependent de-acetylase. When active, acetyl groups are cleaved from proteins. This results in high NADH levels, signalling high energy in the cell.

A

Sirtuin 1

????? I’m confused here

44
Q

Regarding major metabolic pathways (glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, metabolism of fats, etc.), which organ is capable of carrying them out?

A. Brain
B. Skeletal muscle
C. Liver
D. intestine

A

C. Liver

45
Q

The well fed liver relies on _________ for fuel.

A. Fatty acids
B. Lactate
C. Glucose
D. Ketone bodies

A

a. fatty acids

46
Q

The fasting liver relies on _________ for fuel.

A. Fatty acids
B. Lactate
C. Glucose
D. Ketone bodies

A

C. glucose (via gluconeogenesis)

47
Q

The well fed heart relies on _________ for fuel.

A. Fatty acids
B. Lactate
C. Glucose
D. Ketone bodies

A

A. fatty acids

48
Q

The fasting heart relies on _________ for fuel.

A. Fatty acids
B. Lactate
C. Glucose
D. Ketone bodies

A

B. lactate

49
Q

The well fed muscle relies on _________ for fuel.

A. Fatty acids
B. Lactate
C. Glucose
D. Ketone bodies

A

C. glucose

50
Q

The fasting heart relies on _________ for fuel.

A. Fatty acids
B. Lactate
C. Glucose
D. Ketone bodies

A

B. Lactate

51
Q

The well fed brain relies on _________ for fuel.

A. Fatty acids
B. Lactate
C. Glucose
D. Ketone bodies

A

C. glucose

52
Q

The early starving brain relies on _________ for fuel.

A. Fatty acids
B. Lactate
C. Glucose
D. Ketone bodies

A

C. glucose (via gluconeogenesis)

53
Q

The late starving brain relies on _________ for fuel.

A. Fatty acids
B. Lactate
C. Glucose
D. Ketone bodies

A

D. ketone bodies

Biochemistry (43 decks)

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