Carbohydrates should comprise \_\_\_\_\_ of the daily values of the diet. A. 60% B. 35% C. 10% D. 50%
A. 60%
Which of the following macromolecules is used in production of nitrogen containing molecules, hormones, and TCA intermediates? A. Fats B. Sugars C. Proteins D. Amino acids
D. Amino Acids
Lipids should comprise \_\_\_\_\_ of the daily values of the diet. A. 20% B. 30% C. 10% D. 50%
B. 30%
What compound is important in the production of energy through metabolism and formation of other important biomolecules. A. Fats B. Carbs C. Proteins D. AAs
D. Amino acids
Proteins should comprise \_\_\_\_\_ of the daily values of the diet. A. 25% B. 30% C. 50% D. 10%
D. 10%
Monosaccharides and disaccharides are important as \_\_\_\_ molecules. A. Storage B. Energy C. Signaling D. Protein modifying
B. Energy
Proteins should comprise \_\_\_\_\_ of the daily values of the diet. A. 25% B. 30% C. 50% D. 10%
D. 10%
Monosaccharides and disaccharides are important as \_\_\_\_ molecules. A. Storage B. Energy C. Signaling D. Protein modifying
B. Energy
Ingested lipids are in the \_\_\_ form. A. Triacylglycerol B. Cholesterol C. Free fatty acid D. Phospholipid
A. Triacylglycerol
Lingual lipase digests ____ in the _____.
A. Short and medium chain FAs; oral cavity
B. Short and medium chain Fas; stomach
C. Trigylcerols; small intestine
D. Phospholipids; small intestine
A. Short and medium chain FAs; oral cavity
Gastric lipase digests _____ in the _____.
A. Short and medium chain FAs; oral cavity
B. Short and medium chain Fas; stomach
C. Trigylcerols; small intestine
D. Phospholipids; small intestine
B. Short and medium chain Fas; stomach
Pancreatic lipase digests _____ in the _____.
A. Short and medium chain FAs; oral cavity
B. Short and medium chain Fas; stomach
C. Trigylcerols; small intestine
D. Phospholipids; small intestine
C. Trigylcerols; small intestine
Pancreatic lipase digests _____ in the _____.
A. Short and medium chain FAs; oral cavity
B. Short and medium chain Fas; stomach
C. Trigylcerols; small intestine
D. Phospholipids; small intestine
C. Trigylcerols; small intestine
Phospholipase digests \_\_\_\_ in the \_\_\_\_\_. A. Short and medium chain FAs; oral cavity B. Short and medium chain Fas; stomach C. Trigylcerols; small intestine D. Phoshpolipids; small intestine
D. Phoshpolipids; small intestine
Cholesterol esterase digests ____ in the _____.
A. Short and medium chain FAs; oral cavity
B. Cholesterol; small intestine
C. Trigylcerols; small intestine
D. Phospholipids; small intestine
B. Cholesterol; small intestine
A patient presents with a complaint of severe nausea after a meal. Through lab work, the patient is found to have a mutation to to gastric lipase. What type of meal might increase the patient’s discomfort?
A. A meal high in fatty acids
B. A meal high in protein
C. A meal high in carbohydrates
D. A meal that is comprised of cholesterol
A. A meal high in fatty acids
n. What 4 vitamins are derived from fatty acids?
A. B vitamins, Vit. D, Vit. K, Vit. E
B. Vit. D, Vit. E, Vit. A, Vit. K
B. Vitamins D,E,A, & K
Vitamin B₂ (thiamine) is part of \_\_\_\_\_\_, a co-factor. A. Flavin adenine dinucleotide B. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide C. Nicotinamide dinucleotide phosphate D. Ascorbate
B. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Vitamin B₃ (niacin) is part of \_\_\_\_\_, a co-factor. A. Flavin adenine dinucleotide B. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide C. Nicotinamide dinucleotide phosphate D. Ascorbate
B. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Vitamin C is part of \_\_\_\_, a co-factor. A. Flavin adenine dinucleotide B. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide C. Nicotinamide dinucleotide phosphate D. Ascorbate
D. Ascorbate
Vitamin B₁ is part of \_\_\_\_, a co-factor. A. Flavin adenine dinucleotide B. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide C. Thiamine pyrophosphate D. Ascorbate
C. Thiamine pyrophosphate
Vitamin B₅ (pantothenic acid) is part of \_\_\_\_\_, a cofactor. A. Flavin adenine dinucleotide B. Coenzyme A C. Nicotinamide dinucleotide phosphate D. Ascorbate
B. Coenzyme A
Vitamin B₆ (pyridoxine) is part of \_\_\_\_\_, a co-factor. A. Pyridoxal phosphate B. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide C. Nicotinamide dinucleotide phosphate D. Ascorbate
A. Pyridoxal phosphate
Vitamin B₁₂ (cobalamin) is part of _____, a co-factor.
A. Flavin adenine dinucleotide
B. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
C. Nicotinamide dinucleotide phosphate
D. Adenosyl cobalamin methylcobalamin
D. Adenosyl cobalamin methylcobalamin
Biotin is part of _____.
A. Flavin adenine dinucleotide
B. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
C. Nicotinamide dinucleotide phosphate
D. Biotin
D. Biotin
Folate is part of ____.
A. Flavin adenine dinucleotide
B. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
C. Nicotinamide dinucleotide phosphate
D. Tetrahydrofolate
D. Tetrahydrofolate
Lack of vitamin C produces _____.
A. Scurvy
B. Beriberi
C. Pelligra
D. Megaloblastic anemia
A. Scurvy
Lack of Vit. B₁ (thiamin) produces _____.
A. Beriberi
B. Ariboflavinosis
C. Night blindness
D. Liver damage
A. Beriberi
Lack of riboflavin produces
A. Airobflavinosis
B. Night blindness
C. Beriberi
D. Anemia
A. Airobflavinosis
Niacin (Vit. B₃) deficiency produces _____.
A. Pellagra
B. Anemia
C. Night blindness
D. Scurvy
A. Pellagra
Vitamin B₆ (pyridoxine) deficiency produces ______.
A. Scurvy
B. Liver damage
C. Pellagra
D. Anemia
D. Anemia
Folate deficiency produces _____.
A. Megaolblastic anemia
B. night blindness
C. Rickets
D. Liver damage
A. Megaolblastic anemia
Vit. B₁₂ deficiency produces _____.
A. Megaloblastic anemia
B. Night blindness
C. Rickets
D. Liver damage
C. Rickets
Lack of biotin produces _____.
A. Conjunctivitis/CNS abnormalities
B. night blindness
C. malaise
D. liver damage
A. Conjunctivitis/CNS abnormalities
Two pathways will convert inactive compounds to activated cholecalciferol (D3). They are UV radiation in the skin and \_\_\_\_\_. A. Liver enzymes B. Enzymes in the intestine C. Enzymes in the blood D. Enzymes in the skin
B. Enzymes in the intestine
25-hydroxycholecalciferol becomes activated 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in the \_\_\_\_. A. Skin B. Liver C. Kidney D. Intestine
C. Kidney
What is the “proper name” for calcitriol (Vitamin D3)?
1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol
This enzyme is responsible for managing blood calcium and phosphate concentrations. A. Calcitriol B. Calmodulin C. Calsequestrin D. Cholecalciferol
A. Calcitriol
This enzyme is responsible for the activation of vitamin K A. gamma-hydroxylase B. Vitamin K reductase C. Vitamin K oxidase D. Vitamin K Co-factor reductase
B. Vitamin K. reductase
Vitamin K acts as a cofactor to this enzyme to promote maturation of clotting cascade proteins. A. Vitamin K Co-factor reductase B. Vitamin K reductase C. Vitamin K oxidase D. gamma-hydroxylase
D. gamma-hydroxylase
These are organic compounds ingested in the diet.
Minerals
Minerals with a charge
electrolytes
Reduced glutathione reductase activity is noted in a patient. This patient has large amounts of free radicals in her blood. What co-factor is missing? A. Copper B. Iron C. Magnesium D. Selenium
D. Selenium
ATP degredation occurs with this molecule acting to stabilize ATP; it also helps convert ATP to cAMP; additionally, it assists kinases in their activity A. Magnesium B. Iron C. Magnesium D. Zinc
A. Magnesium
Found in many enzymes that are required to bind high energy electrons, transport oxygen, and metabolize H2O2. A. Magnesium B. Iron C. Magnesium D. Zinc
B. Iron
This co-factor is important in the activity of antioxidant, collagenases, phosphatases, and transcription factors. Also assists in the conversion of CO2 to HCO3 in blood pH management. A. Magnesium B. Iron C. Magnesium D. Zinc
D. Zinc
Assists in transport high energy electrons and oxidation of iron; also works with enzymes that reduce free radicals, cross-links collagen, and melanin synthesis A. Magnesium B. Iron C. Copper D. Zinc
C. Copper
Small organic molecules derived from vitamins that function as co-factors to enzymes A. Prosthetic group B. Co-enzyme C. Co-factor enabler D. Vitamin derivatives
B. Co-enzyme
Tightly bound co-enzymes
prosthetic group
Iron exists in the \_\_\_ oxidation state in the intestinal lumen. A. Fe3+ B. Fe2+ C. Fe1+ D. Fe4+
A. Fe3+
A patient has overdosed on antacids, which act as an inhibitor of ferric reductase. What oxidation state would you expect Iron to be found in as a result? A. Fe1+ B. Fe3+ C. Fe2+ D. Fe4+
B. Fe3+
Iron is transported through pores of the intestinal lumen following reduction from Fe3+ to Fe2+ by what enzyme? A. Ferroportinase B. Transferrin C. Ferric reductase D. None of the above
C. Ferric reductase
3 essential FAs
Linolenate (omega-6 C18)
Linolate (omega-3 C18)
Arachadonate (omega-6 C20)
18:3 essential fatty acid
A. Linoleic
B. Linolenic
C. Arachidonic
B. Linolenic
18:2 essential fatty acid
A. Linoleic
B. Linolenic
C. Arachidonic
A. Linoleic
20:4 essential fatty acid
A. Linoleic
B. Linolenic
C. Arachidonic
C. Arachidonic
The cholesterol precursor to Vit. D3 is found in the \_\_\_\_\_. A. Kidney B. Liver C. Skin D. Intestines
C. Skin
The D2 precursor to Vitamin D3 is found in the \_\_\_\_\_. A. Kidney B. Liver C. Skin D. Intestines
D. Intestines
This shuttles reduced Iron from the intestinal lumen to the blood.
A. Ferric reductase
B. Transferrin
C. Ferroportin
C. Ferroportin
This transports reduced iron in RBCs.
A. Ferroportin
B. Transferrin
C. Ferric reductase
B. Transferrin
