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Anatomy > Nervous and Endocrine > Flashcards

Nervous and Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following is NOT an ascending tract?

A

anterior corticospinal tract

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2
Q

Which of the following innervates the diaphragm?

A

cervical plexus

phrenic nerve

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3
Q

Anterior and posterior roots merge to form a(n) _________ within the intervertebral foramen.

A

spinal nerve

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4
Q

CSF flows from the ventricles into the subarachnoid space by passing through the ______.

A

lateral apertures

median aperture

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5
Q

The spinal meninges differ from cranial meninges in that ________.

A

the dura mater of the spinal cord does not contain a periosteal layer

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6
Q

Excess CSF flows into the __________, which extend(s) into the dural venus sinuses.

A

arachnoid villi

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7
Q

In both the parasympathetic and sympathetic division of the ANS, the preganglionic axons are __________.

A

myelinated

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8
Q

Which of the following innervate with cranial nerve 7?

A

pterygopalatine ganglion and submandibular ganglion

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9
Q

The _______ is better coordinated than the _______ because its short, preganglionic axons tend to be branched and its ganliga are close to the CNS.

A

sympathetic nervous system; parasympathetic nervous system

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10
Q

The V-shaped single row of prominent bumps across the posterior surface of the tongue are called ______.

A

vallate papilla

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11
Q

Which of the following descriptions of conjunctiva is FALSE?

A

avascular

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12
Q

Which muscles help to rotate the eye?

A

inferior and superior obliques

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13
Q

Which tunic only partially surrounds the eyeball?

A

neural tunic

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14
Q

Components of the external ear include all of the following EXCEPT the ______.

A

Eustachian tube

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15
Q

Our brains interpret proprioceptive information from the ________ as loudness.

A

tensor timpani and stapedius

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16
Q

Which association between anterior pituitary cell type and hormone is incorrect?

A

somatotropic cells and antidiuretic hormone

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17
Q

Which structure is responsible for regulating day-night cycles?

A

pineal gland

Hypothalamus

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18
Q

Unlike the nervous system, the endocrine system __________.

A

targets any cell in the body with a matching receptor

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19
Q

The majority of leukocytes in the buffy coat are ________.

A

neutrophils

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20
Q

A person with type B blood has ___________.

A

anti-A antibodies in their blood IF the person has been exposed to type A blood at some point - no exposure, no antibodies

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21
Q

Which of the follow statements regarding platelets is FALSE?

a. Platelets, along with white blood cells, form the buffy coat.
b. Platelets are derived from megakaryocytes in the bone marrow.
c. Platelets make up less than 1% of a blood sample.
d. Platelets help with blood clotting.
e. None; all statements are true

A

e. None; all statements are true

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22
Q

Which major vessels empty into the right atrium?

a. superior vena cava
b. inferior vena cava
c. coronary sinus
d. A and B
e. all of the above

A

e. all of the above

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23
Q

The outer most layer of the heart wall is the _______.
a. epicardium

b. visceral layer of the serous membrane
c. parietal layer of the serous membrane
d. endocardium
e. A and B
f. A and C

A

e. A and B

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24
Q

Which valve prevents the backflow of blood from the arterial trunk back into the right ventricle?

A

pulmonary semilunar valve

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25
Q

What distinguishes arteries from veins?

A

the ability to accommodate high pressure

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26
Q

Arteries contain LOTS of ________, while veins contain NONE.

a. elastic connective tissue
b. DIFCT
c. areolar connective tissue
d. smooth muscle
e. adipose connective tissue

A

a. elastic connective tissue

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27
Q

Which type of capillaries have large gaps between endothelial cells and a discontinuous basement membrane, allowing for the transport of large molecules?

a. continuous capillaries
b. fenestrated capillaries
c. sinusoids
d. B and C
e. none of the above

A

c. sinusoids

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28
Q

Of the following, which cranial nerves have purely sensory functions?

A

Olfactory, Optic and vestibulocochlear

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29
Q

Which cranial nerves have autonomic (parasympathetic) as well as somatic motor functions?

A

III, VII, IX and X

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30
Q

Which cranial nerves innervate extrinsic eye muscles?

A

abducens, oculomotor and trochlear

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31
Q

Which substance fills the subarachnoid space?

A

cerebrolspinal fluid

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32
Q

The spinal nerves inferior to ____________ exit below the vertebra of the same number.

A

C8

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33
Q

The anterior rami of spinal nerves T1-T11

A

are called intercostal nerves

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34
Q

Which structure functions as the control center for autonomic functions?

A

hypothalamus

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35
Q

Which neurotransmitter is released by all preganglionic axons of the autonomic nervous system?

A

acetylcholine

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36
Q

Which neurotransmitter is released by most sympathetic postganglionic axons?

A

norepinephrine

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37
Q

Which three auditory ossicles are located within the tympanic cavity?

A

malleus, incus and stapes

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38
Q

Which of the following are opening(s) in the bony wall of the inner and middle ear?

A

oval window and round window

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39
Q

Which of the following are special senses?

A

gustation, olfaction, vision, equilibrium, and audition

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40
Q

Which of the following are located on the dorsal side of the tongue?

A

filiform, fungiform, vallate, and foliate

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41
Q

Taste information from the tongue is conducted by which cranial nerves?

A

facial and glossopharyngeal

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42
Q

Which are the three tunics of the eye?

A

fibrous tunic, vascular tunic and neural tunic

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43
Q

Which structure connects the central nervous system and the endocrine system?

A

hypothalamus

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44
Q

Which brain structure triggers pituitary gland to secrete hormones?

A

hypothalamus

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45
Q

Which of the following is true for a portal system?

A

composed of two capillary beds in a row

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46
Q

Buffy coat in blood contains

A

white blood cells

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47
Q

Which of the following is NOT true for erythrocytes?
A. part of the plasma

B. composed of 92% water

C. mainly 98% hemoglobin

D. lacks a nucleus

E. none of the above

A

E. none of the above

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48
Q

Which of the following is NOT true for buffy coat?

A. contains white blood cells

B. contains 60-70% neutrophilic cells

C. contains 20-25% lymphocytes

D. contains 3-8% monocytes

E. contains both red and white blood cells

A

E. contains both red and white blood cells

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49
Q

Which of the following is NOT true for the heart?
A. double pump

B. triple pump

C. sits in the center of the thoracic cavity

D. More heart on the left side

E. The left heart wall is thicker than the right heart wall.

A

triple pump

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50
Q

Which of the following is NOT true for parietal pleura

A. continuous with pericardium

B. extension of the body wall

C. both parietal and visceral layers are continuous membranes

D. attached to the back and anterior body wall.

E. none of the above

A

E. none of the above

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51
Q

What ensures blood flows in one direction through the heart?

A

heart valves prevent prevent back flow of blood

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52
Q

What are the three main arterial branches that emerge from the aortic arch?

A

left brachiocephalic artery, left common carotid artery, and left subclavian artery

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53
Q

Veins that drain the head, neck and upper limbs merge to form

A

superior vena cava

54
Q

Which vein collects most of the blood from lower limbs and abdominal structures?

A

inferior vena cava

55
Q

Which of the cranial nerve parasympathetic motor function increases secretion from parotid salivary gland?

A

Glossopharyngeal

56
Q

Of the following, which cranial nerve(s) somatic motor function supplies one extrinsic eye muscle to move eye inferiorly and laterally?

A

CN IV Trochlear Nerve

57
Q 
Spinal nerve contains
A Motor axons from anterior root
B Motor axons from posterior root
C Sensory axons from posterior root
D Sensory axons from anterior root
E both A and C
A

E. both A and C

Motor axons from anterior root

Sensory axons from posterior root

58
Q

External tough, dense irregular connective tissue layer composed of two fibrous layer is ________________.

A

Dura Mater

59
Q 
What are the functions of Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
A Buoyancy
B Protection
C Environmental stability
D A and B
E All of the above
A

All of the above

60
Q

The choroid plexus produces ________ in each ventricle.

A

CSF

61
Q

The following are effectors innervated by the ANS EXCEPT

A

Skeletal muscle fibers

62
Q

Which of the following nerve CNS origin of Preganglionic Neuron is located in Medulla oblongata?

A CN X Vagus
B CN IX Glossopharyngeal
C CN III oculomotor
D A & B
E All of the above
A

D. A and B

63
Q

The movement of fluid within the _________ results in the sensations of both hearing and equilibrium.

A

Inner ear

64
Q

The taste sensation that our tongue detects are

A

Sweet and salt
Sour and bitter
Umami

65
Q

What provides the chemical sense of smell within the nasal cavity?

A

Olfactory organs

66
Q

What controls pupil diameter and thus the amount of light entering the eye?

A

Iris

67
Q

Which part of the ear is composed of a bony labyrinth cavity that houses a fluid-filled membranous labyrinth?

A

Inner ear

68
Q

Most of our body’s hormones are ________, that are formed from chains of amino acid.

A

Peptide hormones

69
Q

What are the two groups that regulatory hormones fall into?

A

Releasing hormones and inhibiting hormones

70
Q

Four small nodules attached to the capsule of the thyroid gland on its posterior surface is ________.

A

Parathyroid glands

71
Q

What is plasma composed of?

A

Water &; protein
Electrolytes &; nutrients
Respiratory gases ; waste products

72
Q

What is the function(s) of blood

A

Transportation of numerous elements
Regulation of many body functions
Protection against infection

73
Q

________ transports oxygen and some carbon dioxide to and from the tissues and the lungs.

A

Erythrocytes

74
Q

The amount of blood pumped from one ventricle per minute is call

A

Cardiac output

75
Q

Myocardium is composed of

A

Cardiac muscle tissue

76
Q

The heart chambers that receive blood returning through both circulatory circuits are called

A

Atria

77
Q

The three layers that are found in the walls of both arteries and veins are?

A

Tunica intima, tunica media, tunica externa

78
Q

Thickest layer of a vein is

A

externa

79
Q

The word fenestra nearly means?

A

window

80
Q

A thin strand of pia mater that helps anchor the conus medullaris to the coccyx within the cauda equina is the

A

Filum terminale

81
Q

Which nerve is the longest and largest nerve in the body and what type of plexus does it belong to?

A

Sciatic nerve, sacral plexus

82
Q

Where in the spinal cord is spinocerebellar pathway located?

A

Lateral funiculus

83
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by the _________ in the ___________.

A

choroid plexus, ventricles

84
Q

What separates the dura mater from the arachnoid mater?

A

Subdural space

85
Q

What is a real space filled with cerebrospinal fluid?

A

Subarachnoid space

86
Q

While both the preganglionic and postganglionic axons in the parasympathetic division release __________, most of the postganglionic axons of the sympathetic division release ___________.

A

acetylcholine, norepinephrine

87
Q

Which one of the following ganglia is NOT part of the parasympathetic system?

A

Celiac ganglion

88
Q

Which one of the following is false regarding the autonomic nervous system?

A

The parasympathetic division and the sympathetic division both have a long postganglionic axon

89
Q

What type of receptor detects stimuli within skeletal muscles, tendons, and joint capsules that sense position or state of contraction of the muscles?

A

Proprioceptor

90
Q

____________ are short and bristlelike, and are distributed on the anterior two-thirds of the tongue surface.

A

Filiform papillae

91
Q

What cells function as neural stem cells to continually replace olfactory receptor cells?

A

Basal cells

92
Q

Which tunic does the iris belong to and what is the function of iris

A

Vascular tunic, controls pupil diameter and thus the amount of light entering the eye

93
Q

Which one of the following is true regarding the photoreceptor cells?

a Rods function in high-intensity light, whereas cones function in dim light

b. Cones are longer and narrower than rods
c. Rods are concentrated at the posterior part of the neural layer
d. Cones are primarily located in the peripheral regions of the neural layer
e. All of them are false

A

e. All of them are false

94
Q

What structure is a delicate, funnel-shaped epithelial sheet that is the partition between the external and middle ear?

a. Auditory tube
b. Tympanic membrane
c. Tympanic cavity
d. Auditory ossicles
e. Malleus

A

b. Tympanic membrane

95
Q

What structure produces regulatory hormones and influences the anterior pituitary, posterior pituitary, and adrenal medulla?

A

Hypothalamus

96
Q

Mammotropic cells secrete __________, which acts on mammary glands to stimulate milk production.

A

prolactin

97
Q

The ____________ are paired, pyramid-shaped endocrine glands anchored on the superior surface of each kidney.

A

adrenal glands

98
Q

When the clotting proteins are removed from plasma, the remaining fluid is termed ________.

A

Serum

99
Q

What are the soluble proteins produced by some of our defense cells to protect the body against pathogens?

A

Gamma-globulins

100
Q

How many molecule(s) of oxygen can each hemoglobin molecule bind?

A

Four

101
Q

What is the basic pattern of blood flow?

A

The right side of the heart –> lungs –> the left side of the heart –> systemic tissues of the body –> back to the right side

102
Q

What is the epicardium composed of?

A

A serous membrane and areolar connective tissue

103
Q

The atria are separated from the ventricles externally by a relatively deep _____________ that extends around the circumference of the heart.

A

coronary sulcus

104
Q

Which layer of a blood vessel is involved in vasoconstriction and vasodilation by sympathetic innervation with its smooth muscle cells?

A

Tunica media

105
Q

Most veins contain valves formed primarily of _________ and strengthened by ____________________.

A

tunica intima, elastic and collagen fibers

106
Q

What is the pressure in the vessel during ventricular contraction called?

A

Systolic blood pressure

107
Q

The sciatic nerve originates in which plexus?

A

Sacral plexus

108
Q

Decussation refers to

A

The crossing of an axon from one part of the body to the opposite side

109
Q

Posterior funiculus-medial lemniscal, anterolateral, and spinocerebellar are part of which pathways

A

Somatosensory pathways

Ascending pathways

110
Q

Where is cerebrospinal fluid produced?

A

The choroid plexus in the lateral ventricles

111
Q

The function of CSF is to

a. Remove waste products
b. Provide a liquid buffer to protect brain and spinal cord
c. Transport nutrients and other chemicals
d. None of the above
e. All of the above

A

e. All of the above

112
Q

Ganglion being embedded directly into the wall of the target is a characteristic of the

A

The parasympathetic NS

113
Q

The preganglionic fibers of the sympathetic nervous system are ____ while those of the parasympathetic nervous system are ____

A

Short; long

114
Q

The flight or fight response is connected _____ and the rest and digest responses are a part of the ____.

A

sympathetic NS; parasympathetic NS

115
Q

When pain is felt in one part of the body, but the actual source of the pain is at a different point is known as

A

Referred pain

116
Q

The papillae found on the back sides of the tongue are the

A

Foliate papillae

117
Q

Of the special senses which is the only one that does not have to have information relayed to the thalamus?

A

smell; olfaction

118
Q

The three tunics of the eye include

A

The fibrous tunic, vascular tunic, and the neural tunic

119
Q

Which structure distinguishes the anterior cavity from the posterior cavity of the eye?

A

The ora serrata

120
Q

The ossicles of the middle ear are composed of which of the following?

A

The malleus, incus and stapes

121
Q

The purpose of the endocrine system is to

A

Maintain homeostasis

122
Q

The gland known as the “master gland” of the endocrine system is the

A

Pituitary gland

123
Q

The three parts of the anterior pituitary gland are the

A

Pars Tuberalis, Pars Intermedia, Pars Distalis

124
Q

Upon examining a vial of blood what layers could you identify?

A

Plasma layer, buffy coat, and red blood cell layer.

125
Q

All proteins as well as carbon dioxide, slight amount of oxygen, sugars and all remaining materials not found in the buffy coat or red blood cells, are contained in what?

A

plasma

126
Q

Your blood type is dependant on

A

Heredity of what was passed down to you

How molecules are arranged, or are “decorated” on the outside of the cell

127
Q

The three layers of the heart wall are the

A

Endocardium, the epicardium, and the myocardium

128
Q

The right side of the heart sends blood

A

To the lungs to become oxygenated

129
Q

The muscular bumps and ridges found on the inner lining of the right and left ventricles is called

A

Trabeculae carnae

130
Q

What distinguishes arteries and veins?

A

the pressure – that requires a certain wall structure

131
Q

All vessels have what three layers in their wall?

A

Tunica externa, tunica media, and tunica interna

132
Q

Which layer of meninges is highly vascularized and adheres to the brain

A

Pia mater

Anatomy (59 decks)

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