Nervous System -McKinley Chpt 14-18 Flashcards
Sheet of dura mater that separates the right and left cerebral hemisphere?
falx cerebrii
Subarachnoid space lies within?
arachnoid
and
pia mater
Cerebral spinal fluid, csf, is found in
A. pia mater
B. dura mater
C. subarachnoid space
D. All of the above
C. subarachnoid space
What is the function of the spinal cord?
A. It’s involved with all sensory and motor innervations below the head
B. It provides a 2 way conduction pathway for signals between the body and brain
C. It’s a major center for reflexes
D. All of the above
D. All of the above
The spinal cord A. Reaches the coccyx B. Reaches only to approximately 2nd or 3rd lumbar vertebrae C. Reaches the cauda equinus D. None of the above
B. Reaches only to approximately 2nd or 3rd lumbar vertebrae
The collection of nerve roots at the inferior end of the vertebral canal is
cauda equina
The covering of the spinal cord that comprises of the deeper layer enclosing the subdural space is the
arachnoid matter
The outward migration of neurons that occurs during brain development results in sheets of __matter forming the cortex of the cerebrum and the cerebellum
grey
Which structures are expansions of the brain’s central cavity that is filled with CSF and lined by ependymal cells?
ventricles
What is the most caudal portion of the brain stem?
medulla oblongata
The brain stem:
A. Produces survival relatated automatic behavior
B. Transmits information between spinal cord and cerebrum
C. Contributes to innervation between head and face
D. All of the above
E. None of the above
D. All of the above
The attachment site for cranial nerves 5, 6 & 7 is
Pons
The brain stem is heavily involved with __pairs of cranial nerves
12
The decussation of the pyramids of the medulla marks a crossover point, so that each cerebral hemispheres controls the voluntary movement of the ___side of the body
opposite
The superior colliculi are located in the A. Frontal lobe B. Temporal lobe C. brain stem D. midbrain for visual reflexes E. None of the above
D. midbrain for visual reflexes
The __ connects the pons to the cerebellum as well as carries efferent information from the cerebral cortex and pontine nuclei into the cerebellum
middle cerebellar peduncle
Which cranial nerve exits the pons, innervates the skin of the face and is the chewing muscle?
cranial nerve 5
Diencephalon consists of (3 items)
thalamus
hypothalamus
epithalamus
The largest part of the diencephalon through which every part of the brain communicates with the cerebral cortex must relay its signals is called
thalamus
The thalamus acts as an important relay because every part of the body that communicates with the cortex usually relays through this structure. True or False?
True
The thalamus acts as an important relay because
A. every part of the body communicates with the cortex usually relays through this structure
B. All sensory information except smell
C. It applies or tones down passing info
D. All of the above
E. None of the above
D. All of the above
The hypothalamus influences the autonomic system emotion formation of
A. Memories, motivation, endocrine function
B. Body temperature
C. Regulation of thirst and hunger
D. Regulation of sleep wake cycles
E. All of the above
E. All of the above
Melatonin is associated with A. Medula oblongata B. Midbrain C. Epithalamus D. Pons E. None of the above
C. Epithalamus
The deeper sulci of the cerebrum divide each cerebral hemisphere into lobes which are: occipital, frontal, temporal, __and___
parietal
insuala
Which structures separate the primary motor cortex from the primary somatosensory cortex?
central sulcus
Multimodal association areas receive sensory input from multiple association areas, thus providing
A. Partial understanding
B. A more complete understanding of our environment
C. None of the above
B. A more complete understanding of our environment
Memory Access point to previous experiences
A. The motor homunculus
B. Found mapped on the precentral gyrus
C. Is a spatial rep of somatic motor control
D. Is indicative of the number of motor units present in each area of the body
E. All of the above
E. All of the above
Through what type of tracts do Brocas Area and Wernicke's area interact and what are the respective function of Broca's Area and Wernicke's Area? A. Association tract B. Speech production C. Speech comprehension D. All of the above
D. All of the above
The nervous system is the body’s primary communication and __system.
control
2 Structural subdivisions of the nervous system:
CNS Central Nervous System
PNS Peripheral Nervous System
CNS consists of
Brain
Spinal cord
PNS consists of
Cranial nerves
Spinal Nerves
Ganglia
Clusters of neuron cell bodies located outside the CNS
ganglia
2 Functional divisions of the nervous system
Sensory division
Motor division
Receives sensory info (input) from receptors and transmits this info to the CNS
Afferent division aka
Sensory division
Transmits motor impulses (output) from the CNS to muscles or glands
Efferent division aka Motor division
Receives sensory info from skin, fascia, joints, skeletal muscles, special senses
somatic sensory
Receives sensory info from viscera, ie: organs
visceral sensory
“voluntary” nervous system which innervates skeletal muscle; conducts nerve impulses from the CNS to the skeletal muscles
somatic motor
“Involuntary” nervous system which innervates and regulates cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands
Autonomic motor/visceral motor
Nervous system division that controls: touch pain pressure vibrations temperature proprioception
somatic sensory
Nervous division that transmits nerve impulses from blood vessels and viscera to the CNS, ie: temperature and stretching of organ wall
visceral sensory
The motor division of the nervous system is divided into 2 components:
somatic motor
autonomic motor/visceral motor
AKA visceral motor system
Autonomic motor/ visceral motor
2 distinct cell types form nervous tissue
neurons
glial cells
excitable cells that initiate and transmit nerve impulses
neurons
non-excitable cells that support and protect the neurons
glial cells
The following are characteristics of neurons: A. high metabolic rate B. extreme longevity C. non-mitotic D. All of the above E. None of the above
D. All of the above
Neurons come in all shapes and sizes, but all neurons share certain basic structural features. True or False?
True
A typical neuron has a: A. cell body B. dendrites C. axons D. All of the above E. None of the above
D. All of the above
The cell body serves as the neuron’s control center responsible for: A. receiving nerve impulses B. integrating nerve impulses C. sending nerve impulses. D. All of the above E. None of the above
D. All of the above
__ tend to be shorter, smaller processes that branch off the cell body.
Dendrites
Dendrites conduct nerve impulses__ the cell body; they __ input and then transfer it to the cell body for processing:
away or toward
send or receive
toward
receive
The more dendrites a neuron has, the more nerve impulses that neuron can receive from other cells.
True or False?
True
Neurons vary widely in morphology and location.
True or False?
True
Neurons can be classified according to either their structure or their function.
True or False?
True
Neurons can be classified according to the number of processes extending from the cell body.
True or False?
True
neuron with a single process
unipolar
neurons with two processes
bipolar
neurons with three or more processes
multipolar
Most abundant neuron in body. Major neuron type in CNS:
A. unipolar
B. mulipolar
C. bipolar
B. multipolar
Rare neuron. Found in special sensory organs: olfactory, eye and ear.
A. unipolar
B. mulipolar
C. bipolar
C. bipolar
Neuron type found mainly in the PNS. Common only in dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord and sensory ganglia of the cranial nerves.
A. unipolar
B. mulipolar
C. bipolar
A. unipolar
Most A. __neurons are interneurons that conduct impulses within the B. __integrating sensory input or motor output.
A. mulitipolar, bipolar or unipolar
B. PNS, CNS or ANS
mulipolar
CNS
Neuron type may be one of a chain of CNS neurons or a single neuron connecting sensory and motor neurons
A. unipolar
B. mulipolar
C. bipolar
B. mulipolar
Some __ neurons are motor neurons that conduct impulses along the __ pathways from the CNS to an effector, __ and __.
multipolar, bipolar or unipolar
afferent or efferent
muscle, tissue or cell
gland, blood or cell body
multipolar
efferent
muscle and gland
Essentially ALL bipolar neurons are __ neurons that are located in some special organ.
A. sensory
B. motor
C. both
A. sensory
__neuron cells of the retina are involved with transmission of visual inputs from the eye to the brain.
A. unipolar
B. mulipolar
C. bipolar
C. bipolar
Most __ neurons are sensory neurons that conduct impulses along afferent pathways to the CNS for interpretation.
A. unipolar
B. mulipolar
C. bipolar
A. unipolar
__or association neurons lie entirely with the CNS and are mulipolar
interneurons
This type of neuron receive nerve impulses from many other neurons and carry out the integrative function of the nervous system.
A. unipolar B. mulipolar C. bipolar D. Interneurons E. All of the above. F. None of the above
D. Interneurons
This type of neuron facilitate communication between sensory and motor neurons.
A. unipolar B. mulipolar C. bipolar D. Interneurons E. All of the above. F. None of the above
D. Interneurons
AKA for neuroglia
glial cells
Glial cells occur A. CNS B. PNS C. ANS D. All of the above E. Only CNS and PNS
E. Only CNS and PNS
\_\_cells are: smaller capable of mitosis do NOT transmit nerve impulses physically protect and nourish neurons provide framework for nervous tissue outnumber neurons account for half the volume of nervous tissue
Glial
exhibit a starlike shape due to projections
most abundant type of glial cell in CNS
constitue over 90% of tissue in some areas of brain
Assist in Blood-brain barrier (BBB)
Regulate tissue composition
Astrocytes
strictly controls substances entering the nervous tissue in the brain from the bloodstream.
blood-brain barrier (BBB)
The following are functions of glial cells: A. Forming a structural network B. Replace damaged neurons C. Assist neural development D. All of the above E. None of the above
D. All of the above
AKA for Schwann cells
Neurolemmocytes
Associated with PNS axons
Responsible for myelinating PNS axons
Schwann cells aka Neurolemmocytes
Process by which part of an axon is wrapped with a myelin sheath, a protective fatty coating that gives it glossy-white appearance.
Myelination
Function of myelin sheath: A. supports an axon B. protects an axon C. insulates an axon D. All of the above E. None of the above
D. All of the above
No change in voltage can occur across the membrane in the __ portion of an axon.
myelinated
In the PNS, myelin sheaths form from __
neurolemmocytes
In the CNS, myelin sheaths form from
oligodendrocytes
In a myelinated axon, the nerve impulse “jumps” from neurofibril node to neurofibril node and is known as __
saltatory conduction
In an unmyelinated axon, the nerve impulse must travel the entire length of the axon, a process called __
continuous conduction
A myelinated axon produces a \_\_ nerve impulse. A. Slower B. Steady C. Faster D. None of the above
C. Faster
In an unmyelinated axon, a nerve impulse takes __to reach the end of the axon
A. Slower
B. Steady-paced
C. Faster
D. None of the above
A. Slower
A myelinated axon also requires __ energy (ATP) than does an unmyelinated axon
less
Using continuous conduction, un-myelinated axons conduct nerve impulses from pain stimuli.
True or False?
True
PNS axons are vulnerable to cuts, crushing injuries, and other trauma.
True or False?
True
If damaged, a PNS axon can regenerate if at least some __ remains.
neurilemma
PNS axon regeneration depends upon which factors?
A. Amount of damage
B. neurolemmocyte secretion of nerve growth factors to stimulate outgrowth of severed axons
C. the distance between the site of the damaged axon and the effector organ
D. A and B
E. All of the above
F. None of the above
E. All of the above
A nerve is a cable-like bundle of parallel axons.
True or False?
True
Like a muscle, a nerve has three successive connective tissue wrappings:
endoneurium
perineurium
epineurium
A delicate layer of loose connective tissue of the nerve
endoneurium
A cellular and fibrous connective tissue layer that wraps groups of axons into bundles called fascicles
perineurium
A superficial thick layer of dense irregular fibrous connective tissue encloses the entire nerve, providing both support and protection
epineurium
Nerves are a component of the peripheral nervous system. True or False?
True
Sensory __ nerves convey sensory information to the CNS.
Afferent or Efferent
afferent
Motor__ nerves convey motor impulses from the CNS to the muscles and glands.
Afferent or Efferent
efferent
Axons__ as they contact other neurons, muscle cells, or gland cells.
terminate
An axon transmits a nerve impulse at a specialized junction called
synapse
__neurons transmit nerve impulses along their axonal membranes toward a synapse.
A. Presynaptic
B. Postsynaptic
C. All of the above
A. Presynaptic
__neurons conduct nerve impulses through their dendritic and cell body membranes away from the synapse.
A. Presynaptic
B. Postsynaptic
C. All of the above
B. Postsynaptic
Axons may establish synaptic contacts with any portion of the surface of another neuron, except those regions that are
A. Unmyelinated
B. Myelinated
C. All of the above
B. Myelinated
\_\_synapses are not very common in mammals. A. Unmyelinated B. Myelinated C. Electrical D. All of the above
C. Electrical
In humans, these synapses occur primarily between smooth muscle cells where quick, uniform innervation is essential. A. Unmyelinated B. Myelinated C. Electrical D. All of the above
C. Electrical
__ synapses are also located in cardiac muscle.
Electrical
The most numerous type of synapse is the __synapse.
A. chemical
B. hormonal
C. electrical
A. chemical
__synapse facilitates most of the interactions between neurons and all communications between neurons and effectors.
A. chemical
B. hormonal
C. electrical
A. chemical
At the chemical synapse junctions, the presynaptic membrane releases a signaling molecule called a __ such as acetylcholine (ACh).
neurotransmitter
Other types of neurons use other neurotransmitters besides acetylcholine (ACh). True or False
True
Released only from the plasma membrane of the presynaptic cell.
Binds to receptor proteins found only on the plasma membrane of the postsynaptic cell.
Unidirectional flow of information and communication takes place .
neurotransmitter
Two factors influence the rate of conduction of the neurotransmitter impulse: the axon’s __ and the presence (or absence) of a __
diameter
myelin sheath
Billions of interneurons within the CNS are grouped in complex patterns called
neuronal pools or neuronal circuits or neuronal pathways
Neuronal pools are defined based upon __not anatomy
function
Name 4 types of neuronal circuits?
converging
diverging
reverberating
parallel-after-discharge
A neuronal pool may be localized, or its neurons may be distributed in several different regions of the
A. ANS
B. PNS
C. CNS
D. All of the above
C. CNS
An adult brain weighs between around __pounds and has a volume of about __ cubic centimeters (cc).
3
1200
Brain size is directly correlated with intelligence
True or False
False
It is not the physical size of the brain that determines intelligence—it is the number of active __
synapses
The Brain’s 4 Major Regions :
Cerebrum
diencephalon
brainstem
cerebellum
The cerebrum is divided into two halves, called the
left and right cerebral hemispheres
Brain has __lobes
5
Outer surface of an adult brain exhibits folds called
gyri (gyrus)
In the brain, shallow depressions between those folds are called
sulci (sulcus)
Brain has __pairs of cranial nerves
12
3 major brain structures during embryonic period
prosencephalon
mesencephalon
rhombencephalon
Prosencephalon gives rise to 2 brain structures
Telencephalon
Diencephalon
Telencephalon gives rise to
cerebrum
Diencephalon gives rise to which 3 brain structures
epithalamus
thalamus
hypothalamus
Which embryonic structure gives rise to the following structures: midbrain cerebral peduncles superior colliculi inferior coliculi
Mesencephalon
Which embryonic brain structure gives rise to the following:
hindbrain
Metencephalon
Myelencephalon
rhombencephalon
Which brain structures does the metencephalon gives rise to
pons
cerebellum
Which brain structures does the myelencephalon gives rise to
medulla oblongata
\_\_ matter houses: motor neuron interneuron cell bodies dendrites axon terminals un-myelinated axons
Gray
__matter is composed primarily of myelinated axons.
White
During brain development, an outer, superficial region of gray matter forms from migrating __ neurons.
peripheral
External sheets of gray matter, called the __, cover the surface of most of the adult brain: cerebrum and cerebellum
cortex
White matter lies __ to the gray matter of the cortex. Within the masses of white matter, the brain also contains discrete innermost clusters of gray matter called __, which are oval, spherical, or sometimes irregularly shaped clusters of neuron cell bodies.
deep
cerebral nuclei
Protective connective tissue membranes called __surround and partition portions of the brain.
meninges
__ acts as a cushioning fluid.
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
The brain has a __ to prevent entry of harmful materials from the bloodstream.
blood-brain barrier
Three dense regular connective tissue layers that separate the soft tissue of the brain from the bones of the cranium.
Enclose and protect blood vessels that supply the brain.
Contain and circulate cerebrospinal fluid.
Parts of the __ form some of the veins that drain blood from the brain
cranial meninges
From superficial to deep, the cranial meninges are the
dura mater
arachnoid
pia mater
Tough membrane composed of two fibrous layers.
Strongest of the meninges.
Periosteal layer, the more superficial layer, attaches to the periosteum of the cranial bones
meningeal layer lies deep to the periosteal layer
The meningeal layer is usually fused to the periosteal layer, except in specific areas where the two layers separate to form large, blood-filled spaces called dural venous sinuses.
Dura mater
The more superficial layer of the meninges which attaches to the periosteum of the cranial bones
periosteal layer
Lies deep to the periosteal layer
meningeal layer
The meningeal layer is usually fused to the periosteal layer, except in specific areas where the two layers separate to form large, blood-filled spaces called
dural venous sinuses
Aka for Arachnoid
arachnoid mater
arachnoid membrane
Lies immediately internal to the dura mater
Arachnoid
Partially composed of a delicate web of collagen and elastic fibers, termed the arachnoid trabeculae.
Arachnoid
Between the arachnoid and the overlying dura mater is the
subdural space
Immediately deep to the arachnoid is the
subarachnoid space
The innermost of the cranial meninges
Pia Mater
Thin layer of delicate connective tissue that tightly adheres to the brain and follows every contour of the brain surface.
Pia Mater
