Skeletal System

Question 1

Bones are the ___of the skeletal system

Answer 1

organs

Question 2

Bone function

Answer 2

support

protection

movement

mineral storage: calcium & phosphate

hematopoiesis (blood cell formation)

Energy storage (lipids, fats)

Question 3

Bone is a c____ tissue

Answer 3

connective

Question 4

migratory bone cells that create bone matrix

Answer 4

osteoblasts

Question 5

bone matrix consists of

Answer 5

ground substance imbedded with calcium and phosphate minerals

Question 6

Osteoblasts use preexisting forms of ___tissue membranes and ___ as template for new bone production and join other osteoblasts to prepare a new layer of bone matrix

Answer 6

connective cartilage

Question 7

Thin layers of bone matrix

Answer 7

lamella singular lamellae plural

Question 8

Bone cells that are trapped in the bone matrix of their own making; maintain mineralization of the bone matrix

Answer 8

osteocytes

Question 9

Bank tellers for calcium and phosphate salts that harden the bone; take deposits or withdraw minerals from ground substance and blood

Store ___% of body’s reserves for calcium and phosphate

Answer 9

osteocytes

90

Question 10

___inform the osteoblasts to form more layers if bone structure needs more strength

Answer 10

osteocytes

Question 11

osteocytes live in tiny chambers of their making within the matrix called

spaces within trabeculae for osteocytes

Answer 11

lacuna

Question 12

Even if the bone cell died, what would be remaining?

Answer 12

lacuna

Question 13

cell processes connecting osteocytes to one another in tunnels within the bone matrix

projections from lacunae and osteocytes

Answer 13

canaliculi (singular)

or

canaliculus (plural)

Question 14

If bone was damaged osteocytes are released from their lacunae, they would become ___ to produce bone matrix

Answer 14

osteoblasts

Question 15

Large white blood cell precursor from the immune system that produces enzymes and acids that are capable of dissolving minerals and digest ground substance of bone

Answer 15

osteoclasts

Question 16

Process where osteoblasts and osteocytes work together to repair, remove and replace bone matrix as needed; leave the strong supporting bone while removing the weak and useless bone tissues

Answer 16

Remodeling

Question 17

skeleteon’s collective matrix is replaced every ___ years

Answer 17

7

Question 18

___dictates the amount of bone tissue needed

Answer 18

movement

Question 19

3 influence of cellular activities that develop and maintain bone tissue

Answer 19

activity

nutrition

hormones

Question 20

continual loss of bone tissue affecting the lattice-like cancellous that forms internal bone tissue

Answer 20

osteoporosis

Question 21

Rare congential condition where bone formation overwhelms bone resorption; genetic miscoding affecting osteoclasts. Bone grows out of contol and more brittle

Answer 21

osteopetrosis

Question 22

causes weak bone structure and decreases red bone marrow production

Answer 22

osteopetrosis

Question 23

Two types of bone tissue

Answer 23

compact bone cancellous or spongy bone

Question 24

___bone has red bone marrow, NOT yellow bone marrow

Found in most epiphysis of long bones in adults

Found in short, flat and irregular bones

Answer 24

cancellous/spongy bone

Question 25

Outer surface of all bones are

Answer 25

compact bone

Question 26

branch of spongy/cancellous bone

irregular spong like network

Answer 26

trabecula (singular) trabueculae (plural)

Question 27

tubular structures that butt together in compact bone

Answer 27

osteons

Question 28

Layers of bone matrix within osteon

Answer 28

concentric lamallae

Question 29

Gaps formed between osteons

Found between osteons

leftover parts of osteons that have been partially resorbed.

They often look like a “bite” has been taken out of them.

Incomplete and typically have no central canal.

Answer 29

interstitial lamallae

Question 30

outer surface of compact bone with broad flat layers

Answer 30

circumferential lamallae

Question 31

concentric lamallae, interstitial lamallae and circumferential lamallae are 3 layers of ___bone

Answer 31

compact

Question 32

Hollow tube like structures run vertically through the center of osteons and contain blood vessels & nerves

Answer 32

central (Haversian) canals

Question 33

structure connecting blood vessels in bone; blood circulates from the outside of the bone to the inside of the bone through ___ to central canals to ___

run perpendicular

Answer 33

perforating (Volkmann) canals

Question 34

4 major type of bones

Answer 34

flat (sternum, illium, skull, ribs)

Long bones (femur, metatarsals)

short bones (tarsals)

irregular (vertebra. ischium, pubis, facial bones)

5th type: Sesamoid bone (ie, patella)

Question 35

which bone bonds in midst of connective tissues

Answer 35

sesamoid bone

ie: patella & ball of the foot

Question 36

Main shaft of the long bone; made of thick compact bone making it strong

Answer 36

diaphysis

Question 37

Proximal or distal end of long bone; compact veneer and internal has cancellous/spongy bone internally just like all ofther bones

Answer 37

epiphysis

Question 38

hollow space of long bone with yellow bone marrow in adults

Answer 38

medullary cavity

Question 39

two types of bone marrow

Answer 39

red bone marrow- produces blood

yellow bone marrow -adipose tissue

Question 40

separates yellow bone marrow

lines medullary cavity

houses bone cells

Answer 40

endosteum

Question 41

continuous sleeve like, forms the actual surface of the bone; leotard of the bone; brilliant white color; dense collagenous connective tissue

Covers the outer surface of the bone, except for the areas covered by articular cartilage. Made of dense irregular connective tissue and consists of an outer fibrous layer and an inner cellular layer Anchored to the bone by numerous strong collagen fibers called perforating fibers, which run perpendicular to the diaphysis. Protects the bone from surrounding structures, anchors blood vessels and nerves to the surface of the bone, and provides stem cells (osteoprogenitor cells and osteoblasts) for bone width growth and fracture repair.

Answer 41

periosteum

Question 42

bone and muscle held together by

Answer 42

ligament and periosteum

Question 43

Growth of long bones take place both internally and externally. True or False

Answer 43

True

Question 44

Long bones grow from epiphyseal plates. True or False

Answer 44

True

Question 45

Growth plates remain collagenous through childhood and teenage years to grow new matrix. true or false

Answer 45

true

Question 46

Every bone has periosteum. true or false

Answer 46

true

Question 47

bones that are longer than they are wide; long slender shaft with knobby ends; ie: femur, tibia, fibula, phallanges

Answer 47

long bones

Question 48

Matrix of ___is ground substance imbedded with elastic or collagen fibers

Answer 48

cartilage

Question 49

3 types of cartilage

Answer 49

elastic cartilage

hyaline cartilage

fibrocartilage

Question 50

2 types of cartiage cells

Answer 50

chondroblasts

fibroblasts

Question 51

create cartilage

Answer 51

chondroblasts

Question 52

create collagen or elastic fibers

Answer 52

fibroblasts

Question 53

chondroblasts do not have cellular processes. True or fasle

Answer 53

true

Question 54

As the matrix accumulates, chondroblasts become trapped in the matrix and change to

Answer 54

chondrocytes

Question 55

Can’t remodel chondroclasts. True or false?

Answer 55

true

Question 56

There are no chondroclasts. True or false

Answer 56

true

Question 57

fibrous membrane covering cartilage; contains a layer of chondroblasts.

Answer 57

perichondrium

Question 58

Process by which new cartilage is added to the surface of the cartilage by chondroblasts from the inner layer of the perichondrium

occurs within the periosteum. (Bone increases in diameter as new bone is added to the surface). growth—growth of a bone by addition of bone tissue to its surface. Chondroblasts in surrounding perichondrium produce new cartilage

Answer 58

appositional growth

Question 59

Process by which new cartilage is formed within the cartilage by chondrocytes that divide and produce additional matrix

occurs in the epiphyseal plate as chondrocytes undergo mitosis. ( growth in length). Chondrocytes within cartilage divide and secrete new matrix

Answer 59

interstitial growth

Question 60

very slow growth of cartilage. true or false

Answer 60

true

Question 61

smoothest type, small collagen fibers, lines movable joints, forms the growth plates in bones

Answer 61

hyaline cartilage

Question 62

-has elastic fibers, most flexible, ie: ears

Answer 62

elastic cartilage

Question 63

large amount of collagen fibers, toughest type, ie: vertebral discs

Answer 63

fibrocarilage

Question 64

an organ that is mostly cartilage

Answer 64

larynx, voice box

Question 65

Both cartilage and bone begin with a matrix whose foundation is

Answer 65

ground substance

Question 66

Bone is reinforced with minerals and cartilage is reinforced with

Answer 66

fibers

Question 67

Bone tissues differ in

Answer 67

patterns of layers of matrix compact vs cancellous/spongy

Question 68

In what ways does cartilage differ?

Answer 68

type and amount of fibers

Question 69

hollow chambers in the matrix where chondroblasts reside

Answer 69

lacuna

Question 70

In cartilage, there are no canaliculi, canals and accounts for slow growth of cartilage. true or false

Answer 70

true

Question 71

Fibula is lateral or medial?

Answer 71

lateral

Question 72

Tibia is always lateral or medial?

Answer 72

medial

Question 73

How many bones in foot?

Answer 73

26

Question 74

A 1/4 of your bones is located?

Answer 74

2 feet

Question 75

Joints are classified in which 2 ways?

Answer 75

movement & anatomical position

Question 76

3 major types of joints

Answer 76

Fibrous joint- Dense regular connective tissue

Cartilagenous joint -Hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage tissue joins the bones

Synovial joint -Freely movable -complex tissues -holds 2 bones together with articular cartilage and synovial membrane

Question 77

Subtype of Fibrous joint, describe and example?

Answer 77

Syndesmosis sheet or cords holding 2 bones together

Tibial-Fibial joint: 2 bones of forearm and operate as one

Question 78

Subtype of Fibrous joint

Dense collagenous tissue

microscopic fibers between bones

Meet along their edges, weave together to hold bones together

Answer 78

suture joints

Question 79

Example of suture joint

Answer 79

skull suture joints

Question 80

Composed of Hyaline Cartilage

Examples: rib cage & growth plates

Answer 80

Synchondrosis Joint

Question 81

Subtype of Fibrous Joint

Dense Collagenous tissue

peridontal ligaments

Answer 81

Gomphosis Joints

Question 82

Joints composed of fibrocartilage

Examples: vertebral discs, pubic symphysis, intervertebral symphsis

Answer 82

symphysis joint

Question 83

Composed of joint capsule & ligaments

Internal capsule lubricated with synovial fluid

complex set of epithelial and connective tissue

unite bones while allowing motion

Answer 83

synovial joints

Question 84

Monoaxial synovial joint

ie: forearm & neck

Answer 84

pivot joint

Question 85

Monoaxial Synovial joint

ie: knee, elbow, toes & fingers

Answer 85

Hinge Joint

Question 86

Biaxial synovial joint

ie: thumb

Answer 86

saddle joint

Question 87

Biaxial synovial joint

ie: wrist & knuckles

Answer 87

Ellipsoid Joints

Question 88

Multiaxial synovial joint

ie: hip and shoulder

Answer 88

Ball & socket

Question 89

Diathrosis synovial joints

ie: Intercarpal joints (short bones of hand)

Intertarsals (foot)

(Sacroiliac Joint)hip to spine

Name kind of synovial joint?

Answer 89

Plane joint

Question 90

Hyaline articular cartilage

casule -2 layers

outermost layer: Fibrous capsule made with strong irregular sheets of collagenous fiber

inner layer: synovial membrane which produces synovial fluid and self lubricates

synovial cavity with synovial fluid

Answer 90

synovial joint

Question 91

6 types of synovial joints

Answer 91

Pivot

Hinge

Saddle

Ellipsoid

Ball & socket

Plane

Question 92

Every gap in the skeletal system is filled with

Answer 92

connective tissue

Question 93

In synovial joints, a pouch of joint tissues protecting other surfaces

migrates away from the main portion of the capsule and provides frictionless surface beween 2 objects that are near the joint & that might rub against one another causing friction and damage

Answer 93

Bursa

Question 94

In synovial joints, sleeves of joint tissues protecting a tendon

Answer 94

Tendon Sheath

Question 95

How many bones in lower limbs?

Answer 95

31

Question 96

How many bones are located in the foot?

Answer 96

26

Question 97

coxa can be divided into three segments:

Answer 97

the ilium, the ischium, and the pubis.

Question 98

3 subtypes of fibrous joints

Answer 98

syndesmosis

suture

gomphosis

Question 99

Fibrous subtype joint where the connection is a visible sheet or cord of connective tissue; united top to bottom with sheet like in the gap between the two bones; sheet are continuous with the periosteum of each bone; only a small hole at the proximal ends exists to allow blood vessles & nerves from posterior to anterior aspect ie: union of the Tibia and Fibula (tibiofibular joint); union of radius and ulna (radioulnar joint)

Answer 99

interosseus membrane

Question 100

Skull contains fibrous joints called

Answer 100

suture joints

Question 101

only movable joint in the skull

Answer 101

joint of lower jaw

Question 102

wavy edges of flat bones in skull forming a snug fit

Answer 102

interdigitate

Question 103

Fibrous joint located in the skull between the teeth and jaws

Answer 103

gomphosis

Question 104

Teeth exceed the hardness of bone. True or False

Answer 104

True

Question 105

root of tooth is anchored to the bone of the socket by small fibers called__

Answer 105

periodontal ligaments

Question 106

teeth are anchored by small fibers called

Answer 106

rootlets

Question 107

joints between teeth and jaw are called ___ joint

Answer 107

dentoalveolar joints

Question 108

Two types of cartilaginous joints

Answer 108

synchondrosis joint

symphysis joint

Question 109

Fibrous cartilaginous joint made of hyaline cartialge

is what kind of joint?

synchondrosis or symphysis?

synarthrosis or amphiarthrosis?

Answer 109

synchondrosis joint

synarthrosis

Question 110

Fibrous cartilaginous joint where fibrocartilage is joining two bones

Answer 110

symphysis joint

Question 111

There are no cartilaginous joints united by ___

Answer 111

elastic cartilage

Question 112

Joint uniting ribs to costal cartilage called__

synarthrosis? amphiathrosis? diathrosis?

syncondrosis or symphysis?

Answer 112

costochondral joint

synchondrosis joint

synarthrosis

Question 113

disk of fibrocartilage between vertebrae of the spine is an example of which fibrous joint?

Answer 113

symphysis joint

Question 114

which joint unites hip bones to form pelvis?

synarthrosis? diarthrosis? or amphiarthrosis?

Answer 114

pubic symphysis

amphiarthrosis

Question 115

structure in a synovial joint that encloses the ends of the bones

Answer 115

joint capsule

Question 116

dense irregular collagenous connective tissue; This sheet of tough connective tissue forms an outer covering that adds strength to the joint capsule; continuous with periosteum of each of the two bones; tough layer of conective tissue

Answer 116

fibrous capsule

Question 117

The only place the periosteum doesn’t cover the bone is

Answer 117

where articular cartilage is present

Question 118

inner surface of fibrous capsule

epithelial tissue with basement membrane holding it to the fibrous connective tissue & other tissues in the capsule which has a free surface facing the hollow spaces of the capsule

slick surface with no friction

produces synovial fluid

Answer 118

synovial membrane

Question 119

space within capsule

Answer 119

synovial cavity

Question 120

dense regular connective tissue bands

strategically placed where they strengthen but also allow movement

fibrous connective tissue

Answer 120

ligaments

Question 121

elbow has which ___joints?

Answer 121

2

pivot

hinge

allows for spinning of the forearm which allows the hand to spin in different directions

Question 122

3 major cartilage functions

Answer 122

1. supports soft tissues
2. Provides a gliding surface at articulations
3. Provides a model for formation of most bones

Question 123

The primary component of bone is __ __tissue.

Answer 123

osseous connective

Question 124

The bone matrix is sturdy and rigid due to __ and ___

Answer 124

calcium and mineralization

Question 125

Blood cell formation occurs in __ and is called ___ in __type of bone

Answer 125

red marrow

hematopoiesis

spongy

Question 126

What kind of energy do the bones store and where is it located?

Answer 126

lipids and fat energy

located in yellow marrow

Question 127

Red bone marrow contains __cells that form __blood cell types

Answer 127

stem

ALL

Question 128

Calcium function for body

Answer 128

muscle contraction

blood clotting

nerve impulse transmission

Question 129

Phosphate function for body

Answer 129

Needed for ATP

Question 130

4 types of bone cells

Answer 130

osteoprogenitor cells

osteoblasts

osteocytes

osteoclasts

Question 131

Stem cells derived from mesenchyme which produce other stem cells, osteoblasts and osteoclasts

Answer 131

osteoprogenitor cells

Question 132

produce new bone and once they become trapped in the matrix they produce and secrete they differentiate into osteocytes

Answer 132

osteoblasts

Question 133

mature bone cells

Answer 133

osteocytes

Question 134

bone cells responsible for bone resorption

Answer 134

osteoclasts

Question 135

The following are typical structures in __bones

diaphysis

epiphysis

blood vessels

medullary cavity

membranes

articular cartilage

periosteum

fibrous layer

osteogenic layer

endosteum

Answer 135

LONG bones

Question 136

Hollow cavity filled with yellow marrow

Answer 136

medullary cavity

Question 137

Meeting place during bone growth;

region in a mature bone sandwiched between the diaphysis and the epiphysis. In a growing bone, this region contains the epiphyseal (growth) plate, thin layers of hyaline cartilage that provide for the continued lengthwise growth of the diaphysis.

Answer 137

metaphysis

Question 138

where bone cells originate

Answer 138

osteogenic layer

Question 139

The outer layer of the synovial joint is called the ___ layer, while the inner layer is a synovial membrane. Formed from dense connective tissue, and it strengthens the joint to prevent the bones from being pulled apart.

Blood, lymph and nerves pass through

Answer 139

fibrous

Question 140

Covers epiphysis

reduces friction

absorbs shock in movable joints
thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the epiphysis at a joint surface

Answer 140

articular cartilage

Question 141

In the skull, both layers of compact bone are covered by ___

Answer 141

periosteum

Question 142

rings around canal

house lacunae

Answer 142

lamallae

Question 143

The following are components of ___in compact bone:

central canal

osteocytes

lacunae

lamellae

canaliculi

perforating canals

interstitial lamellae

Answer 143

osteon Haversion system

Question 144

Process that begins in the embryo and contiues on until death

By the 8th-12th weeks of embryonic development, the skeleton forms either thickened condensations of mesenchyme or a hyaline cartilage model of bone.

Hyaline cartilage models replaced by hard bone

Answer 144

Endochondral Ossification

Question 145

Produces flat bones of the skull, facial bones (zygomatic, maxilla, mandible & central part of clavicle)

Begins when mesenchyme becomes thickened and condensed with a dense supply of blood capillaries and continues in several steps

Answer 145

Intramembranous Ossification

Question 146

1. ossification center -where osteoblasts contrate
2. osteoblasts secrete colagen fibers for matrix
3. calcification- CA salts secreted to cement matrix
4. osteoblasts surrounded >>>osteocytes
5. trabeculae -result when hardened bone forms
6. spongy bone now in place with red marrow
7. In time, spongy bone reconstructed >>>compact bone

Answer 146

Intramembranous Ossification

from a Fibrous Membrane

Question 147

Begins with HYALINE cartilage model

Produces most of the bones including upper and lower limbs, pelvis, vertebrae and ends of clavicle

1. carilage “bone model” formed in embryo
2. periochondrium- membrane around the cartilage
3. vessel penetrates cartilage, brings osteoblasts
4. cartilage converted into compact bone
5. perichondrium>>>periosteum
6. chondrocytes gradually hypertrophy and die
7. vessels move into space and convert to bone
8. primary ossification center in diaphysis
9. secondary ossification center in epiphysis
10. epiphyseal plate -between the two, still cartilage

Answer 147

Endochondral Ossification

(Replacing Hyaline Cartilage)

Question 148

Bone growth is complete when each epiphyseal plate has ossified and the epiphyseal ___has formed.

Answer 148

line

Question 149

Depending on the bone, epiphyseal plate ossification occurs between the ages of __ and ___ years.

Answer 149

10 and 25

Question 150

1. zone of reserve cartilage
   a. chondrocytes scattered throughout
   b. anchor plate to epiphyseal bone
2. zone of proliferating cartilage
   a. chondrocytes stacked together
   b. replace dead cells at diaphyseal surface
3. zone of hypertrophic cartilage
   a. larger chondrocytes, close to diaphysis
   b. chondrocytes form mature cartilage
4. zone of calcified matrix
   a. dead chondrocytes, calcified matrix around
   b. absorbed by osteoclasts
   c. osteoblasts lay down new bone on remains
   d. metaphysis - between epiphysis and diaphysis
5. Zone of ossification. The walls break down between lacunae in the columns, forming longitudinal channels.

These spaces are invaded by capillaries and osteoprogenitor cells from the medullary cavity. New matrix of bone is deposited on the remaining calcified cartilage matrix.

Answer 150

5 Zones of Epiphyseal plate
Longitudinal Growth

Question 151

The continual deposition of new bone tissue and the removal (resorption) of old bone tissue.

helps maintain calcium and phosphate levels in body fluids, and can be stimulated by stress on a bone

occurs at both the periosteal and endosteal surfaces of a bone

Answer 151

Bone Remodeling

Question 152

abnormal conversion of hyaline cartilage to bone. The most common form is achondroplastic dwarfism, in which the long bones of the limbs stop growing in childhood, while the other bones usually continue to grow normally.

Achondroplastic dwarfism is short in stature but generally has a large head.

4 feet tall.

Results from a failure of chondrocytes in the second and third zones of the epiphyseal plate (to multiply and enlarge, leading to inadequate endochondral ossification.

Answer 152

Achondroplasia

Question 153

disease caused by a vitamin D deficiency in childhood and characterized by overproduction and deficient calcification of osteoid.

Due to the lack of vitamin D, the digestive tract is unable to absorb calcium and phosphorus, minerals needed for the hardening of the osteoid during the formation of bone.

usually develops in children, and results in bones that are poorly calcified and exhibit too much flexibility. Patients with rickets acquire a bowlegged appearance as their weight increases and the bones in their legs bend.

characterized by disturbances in growth, hypocalcemia (an abnormally low level of calcium in the blood), and sometimes tetany (cramps and muscle twitches), usually caused by low blood calcium.

The condition is often accompanied by irritability, listlessness, and generalized muscular weakness. Fractures frequently occur

Answer 153

Rickets

Question 154

Blood vessels enter bones from the ___

The nutrient artery and the nutrient vein supply the __of a long bone.

Answer 154

periosteum

diaphysis

Question 155

Growth hormone affects bone growth by stimulating the formation of another hormone, ___which is produced by the liver.

Answer 155

somatomedin

Question 156

Hormone that directly stimulates growth of cartilage in the epiphyseal plate.

Answer 156

Somatomedin

Question 157

Growth hormone and __hormone regulate and maintain normal activity at the epiphyseal plates until puberty

Answer 157

thyroid

Question 158

___inhibits osteoclast activity

Answer 158

Calcitonin

Question 159

Increases blood calcium levels by encouraging bone resorption by osteoclasts

Answer 159

Parathyroid

Question 160

Sex hormones: ___ and __-. Stimulate osteoblasts; promote epiphyseal plate growth and closure

Answer 160

estrogen and testosterone

Question 161

If levels are chronically too high, bone resorption occurs and significant bone mass is lost

Answer 161

Glucocorticoids

Question 162

Vitamin that activates osteoblasts

Answer 162

Vitamin A

Question 163

Vitamin that promotes collagen production

Answer 163

Vitamin C

Question 164

Vitamin that promotes absorption of calcium and phosphate into blood; helps with calcification of bone

Answer 164

Vitamin D

Question 165

Fracture into 3 or more pieces

Common in elderly with brittle bones

Answer 165

Comminuted Fracture

Question 166

Fracture where bone is crushed

Common in porous bones

Subjected to extreme trauma

Answer 166

Compression

Question 167

Ragged bone break from excessive twisting

common sports facture

Answer 167

spiral

Question 168

Fracture where the epiphysis separates from the diaphysis along the epiphyseal plate

occurs where cartilage cells are dying and calcification of the matrix is occuring

Answer 168

Epiphyseal fracture

Question 169

broken bone is pressed inward

ie skull

Answer 169

depressed fracture

Question 170

Incomplete bone break like a twig where one side breaks and the other bends

common in children with organic flexible matrix

Answer 170

Greenstick

Question 171

is a thin break caused by recent increased physical activity in which the bone experiences repetitive loads

Answer 171

Stress fracture

Question 172

fracture usually occurs in bone that has been a Simple fracture, the broken bone does not penetrate the skin.

Answer 172

Pathologic

Question 173

fracture, the broken bone does penetrate the skin.

Answer 173

Compound

Question 174

Generally there is __ bones in the adult skeleton.

A larger number of bones are present at birth, but the total number decreases with growth and maturity as some separate bones___

Answer 174

206

fuse

Question 175

__Skeleton is composed of the bones along the central axis of the body:

the skull

the vertebral column

the thoracic cage

Answer 175

Axial Skeleton

Question 176

The __skeleton consists of the bones of the appendages:

upper and lower limbs

the bones that hold the limbs to the trunk of the body.

Answer 176

appendicular

Question 177

located inferior to the skull between the mandible and larynx (voice box)

Only bone that is floating in the human body

does not articulate with any other bone

attachment point for anterior neck muscles, tongue, larynx and ligaments

Answer 177

hyoid

Question 178

Largest cavity in the human body

Answer 178

cranial cavity

Question 179

Function of sinuses in body

Answer 179

reduce weight of the skull

mucous lining that warms air

resonate voice

Question 180

immovable fibrous joints that form the boundaries between the cranial bones.

Dense regular connective tissue seals cranial bones firmly together at a suture.

Allow the cranium to grow and expand during childhood.

In adulthood, when cranial growth has stopped, they fuse and are obliterated

Answer 180

(Wormian) skull sutures

Question 181

Nasal septum is formed by 2 bones

Answer 181

perpendicular plate

vomer

Question 182

The following bones articulate to form __

1. frontal bone
2. parietal bone
3. sphenoid bone
4. temporal bone

Not strong can get knocked out

Answer 182

pterion

Question 183

Allows for “yes” movement

Answer 183

occiptial condyle articulates with C1 Atlas

Question 184

Foramina singular or plural?

Answer 184

plural

Question 185

foramen singular or plural?

Answer 185

singular

Question 186

__plate has many holes for opening for olfactory nerve for sense of smell

Answer 186

cribiform

Question 187

Ethmoid bone is a hollow bone

True or False?

Answer 187

True

Question 188

Superior nasal concha

orbital plate

middle nasal concha

form the lateral mass aka__ which articulates with Vomer

Answer 188

ethmoidal labrynth

Question 189

Name 3 auditory bones called __housed within petrous region of the temporal bones

Answer 189

ossicles:

malleus

incus

stapes

Question 190

regions between the cranial bones are thickened, fibrous membrane remnants that are not yet ossified.

Sometimes referred to as the “soft spots” on a baby’s head.

They close by 15 months of age.

When a baby travels through the birth canal, the cranial bones overlap at these fontanels, in order to ease the baby’s passage.

Newborns frequently have a “cone-shaped” head due to this temporary deformation.

Answer 190

Fontanels

Question 191

Name 4 fontanels

Answer 191

1. anterior fontanel
2. sphenoid fontanel
3. Mastoid fontanel
4. posterior fontanel

Question 192

At birth, the ___bone is 2 bones then as an adult is fused into one bone

Answer 192

frontal

Question 193

Total number of bones vertebral column

Answer 193

26

24 individual + 2 fused for a total of 26

Question 194

is an exaggerated thoracic curvature that is directed posteriorly, producing a “hunchback” look.

Answer 194

Kyphosis

Question 195

__is an exaggerated lumbar curvature, often called “swayback,” that is observed as a protrusion of the abdomen and buttocks.

Answer 195

Lordosis

Question 196

___is an abnormal lateral curvature that sometimes results during development when both the vertebral arch and body fail to form, or form incompletely, on one side of a vertebra.

most common spinal curvature deformity.

muscle inbalance

vertebrae deformed

Answer 196

Scoliosis

Question 197

Vertebrae that lacks spinous process and body

Answer 197

C1 Atlas

Question 198

Feature only found in cervical vertebrae

Answer 198

transverse foramen

Question 199

Do thoracic vertebrae have bifid processes?

Answer 199

NO

Question 200

Thoracic cage protects the following organs

Answer 200

heart

lungs

trachea

esophagus

Question 201

Ribs 1-7 are called

ribs connect to sternum by

Answer 201

true ribs

costal cartilage

Question 202

Ribs 8-12 are called

Do or do not attach to sternum?

Answer 202

false ribs

No, the costal costal cartilages of ribs 8-10 fuse to the costal cartilage of rib 7 and thus indirectly articulate with the sternum

Question 203

False ribs 11 & 12 are called

Answer 203

Floating ribs because they lack any connection with the sternum

Question 204

Includes the bones of the upper and lower limbs.

The girdles of bones that attach the upper and lower limbs to the axial skeleton.

pectoral girdle consists of bones that hold the upper limbs in place

pelvic girdle consists of bones that hold the lower limbs in place

Answer 204

Appendicular Skeleton

Question 205

Most mobile and most UNstable joint in body

Answer 205

shoulder

Question 206

The adult pelvis is composed of four bones:

Answer 206

the sacrum, the coccyx, and the right and left ossa coxae.

Question 207

Protects and supports the viscera in the inferior part of the ventral body cavity.

Answer 207

Pelvis

Question 208

Pelvic girdle refers to the

Answer 208

left and right ossa coxae only

Question 209

Commonly referred to as the “hip bone” or innominate bone.

Answer 209

Os coxae

Question 210

Os Coxae formed from three separate bones:

Answer 210

the ilium, the ischium, and the pubis

Question 211

Os Coxae articulates posteriorly with the sacrum at the __joint.

Answer 211

sacroiliac

Question 212

When we sit down, we sit on the __ bone

Answer 212

ischium bone

Question 213

lies inferior to the pelvic brim

encloses the pelvic cavity and forms a deep bowl that contains the pelvic organs

Answer 213

true pelvis

Question 214

lies superior to the pelvic brim

enclosed by the ala of the iliac bones

forms the inferior region of the abdominal cavity and houses the inferior abdominal organs

Answer 214

false pelvis

Question 215

Largest and strongest bone in body?

Answer 215

Femur

Question 216

The sole of the foot rests flat on the ground

True or false?

Answer 216

False, unless flat footed

Question 217

Functions of Foot Arches

Answer 217

helps support weight

ensures blood vessels and nerves on sole are NOT pinched

prevents from feet resting flat

Question 218

arch extends from the heel to the big toe.

Answer 218

Medial longitudinal

Question 219

arch is not as high as the medial longitudinal arch.

Answer 219

Lateral longitudinal

Question 220

runs perpendicular to the longitudinal arches.

Answer 220

Transverse arch

Question 221

Limb malformations having extra digits

Answer 221

polydactyly

Question 222

limb malformation of congenital absence of a part

Answer 222

ectrodactyly

Question 223

limb malformation of webbing or abnormal fusion of the digits

Answer 223

syndactyly

Question 224

limb malformation of complete absence of a limb

Answer 224

amelia

Question 225

limb malformation of short poorly formed limb, resembles a flipper of a seal

Answer 225

Phocomelia