Personality 2

Question 1

psychoanalysis

Answer 1

term freud applied to both explanation of workings of unconscious mind and the development of personality and therapy he based on that theory

Question 2

neo freudians

Answer 2

new freudian psychoanalysts
object to focus on biology and sexuality
break away from strict interpretation of psychoanalytic theory
impact of social environment
keep id, superego, ego, defense mechanisms

Question 3

jung words

Answer 3

personal unconscious
collective unconscious
archetypes
disagree w freud over nature of unconscious mind

Question 4

personal unconscious

Answer 4

as described by freud

jung

Question 5

collective unconscious

Answer 5

contains kind of species memory
memories of ancient fears and themes that seem to occur in many folktales and cultures
jung

Question 6

archetypes

Answer 6

collective, universal human memories
many, ex anima/animus, shadow, persona
jung

Question 7

anima/animus

Answer 7

feminine side of a man/masculine side of a woman

jung

Question 8

shadow

Answer 8

dark side of personality
devil in western cultures
jung

Question 9

persona

Answer 9

side of one’s personality shown to world

jung

Question 10

adler

Answer 10

disagree w freud over importance of sexuality in personality development
theory that all kids develop feelings of inferiority when comparing selves to adults, driving force behind all human bx/thoughts seeking of superiority
prominent = compensation defense mechanism

Question 11

adler theory part 2

Answer 11

birth order affect personality
firstborn inferior to younger
middle easy, superior over older and younger
younger inferior to older
some evidence, some link to career choices, others say sloppy and biased

Question 12

horney

Answer 12

disagree w freud about difference between males and females and penis envy
basic anxiety
womb envy
neurotic personalities

Question 13

womb envy

Answer 13

men feel need to compensate for lack of child bearing abilities by striving for success in other areas
horney

Question 14

basic anxiety

Answer 14

created in child born into world that is so much bigger and more powerful than child
people whose parents give love, affection, and security overcome anxiety
less secure upbringings develop neurotic personalities

Question 15

neurotic personalities

Answer 15

result of less secure upbringings
maladaptive ways of dealing with relationships
horney

Question 16

ways of dealing with anxiety

Answer 16

move toward people, become dependent and clingy
move against people, become aggressive, demanding, and cruel
move away from people, withdraw from personal relationships
horney

Question 17

erikson

Answer 17

disagree with freud’s emphasis on sex

prefer ro emphasize social relationships important at every stage of life

Question 18

today freud

Answer 18

originally sex theory not useful but other concepts ex unconscious and defense mechanisms used
but freud did no science, observer and interpretation bias
warp data, base things on interpretations of dreams, not good enough, ambiguous
huge sample bias, all same people
but also big influence on modern world

Question 19

today freud 2

Answer 19

first to suggest that personality develops through stages, that we aren’t always consciously aware of reasons for bx, and that early life experiences influence who we are later in life

Question 20

behaviorists

Answer 20

researchers who use the principles of conditioning to explain the actions and reactions of both animals and humans

Question 21

social cognitive theorists

Answer 21

researchers who emphasize the influence of social and cognitive factors on learning

Question 22

habits

Answer 22

learned responses

for behaviorist, personality nothing more than these

Question 23

social cognitive learning theorists

Answer 23

emphasize importance of both influences of other people’s bx and of a person’s own expectancies on learning, hold that observational learning, modeling, and other cognitive learning techniques can lead to the formation of patterns of personality

Question 24

social cognitive view

Answer 24

behavior governed not just by influence of external stimuli and response patterns but also by cognitive processes such as anticipating, judging, and memory as well as learning through imitation of models

Question 25

reciprocal determinism

Answer 25

bandura
three factors influence one another in determining the patterns of bx that make up personality
the environment, the behavior itself, and personal or cognitive factors that the person brings into the situation from earlier experiences
three factors affect other two in reciprocal, or give and take, relationship

Question 26

environment in reciprocal determinism

Answer 26

actual physical surroundings, other people who may or may not be present, and the potential for reinforcement in those surroundings

Question 27

intensity and frequency of bx influenced

Answer 27

by environment and have impact on environment
person brings previously reinforced responses (personality) and mental processes such as thinking and anticipating into situation

Question 28

self-efficacy

Answer 28

bandora
person’s expectancy of how effective his or her efforts to accomplish a goal will be in any particular circumstance
not same as self-esteem

Question 29

self-esteem

Answer 29

positive values a person places on his or her sense of worth

Question 30

high/low self-efficacy

Answer 30

high/low depend on what has happened in similar circumstances in past (success or failure), what other people tell them about their competence, and own assessment of abilities
high self-efficacy = more persistent and expect to succeed
low self-efficacy = expect to fail and tend to avoid challenges

Question 31

rotter’s social learning theory

Answer 31

theory based on basic principle of motivation derived from thorndike’s law of effect (people motivated to seek reinforcement and avoid punishment)
personality relatively stable set of potential responses to situations, if in past certain way led to good consequence, would become pattern of responding or part of personality

Question 32

locus of control

Answer 32

rotter
tendency for people to assume that they either have control or do not have control over events and consequences in their lives

Question 33

internal locus of control

Answer 33

people who assume own actions and decisions directly affect the consequences they experience
high achievement motivation (will to succeed in any attempted task)

Question 34

external locus of control

Answer 34

people who assume their lives are more controlled by powerful others, luck, or fate
give up too quickly or attribute events in lives to external causes, can fall into patterns of learned helplessness and depression

Question 35

rotter two key factors

Answer 35

expectancy and reinforcement value

Question 36

expectancy

Answer 36

similar to bandura’s self-efficacy, refers to person’s subjective feeling that a particular behavior will lead to a reinforcing consequence
high expectancy for success similar to high self-efficacy, based on past experiences with successes and failures

Question 37

reinforcement value

Answer 37

individual’s preference for particular reinforcer over all other possible reinforcing consequences
things/circumstances particularly appealing have higher reinforcement value than other possible reinforcers

Question 38

current thoughts on behaviorist and social cognitive views

Answer 38

behaviorism doesn’t take mental processes into account and doesn’t give social influences weight in learning
social cog has been scientifically tested
too complex to explain completely but enabled development of therapies based on learning theory that have become effective in changing undesirable bx