Development 1

Question 1

human development

Answer 1

the scientific study of the changes that occur in people as they age, from conception until death

Question 2

longitudinal design

Answer 2

one group of people is followed and assessed at different times as the group ages

Question 3

cross-sectional design

Answer 3

several different age groups are studied at one time

Question 4

cross-sequential design

Answer 4

a combination of the longitudinal and cross-sectional designs

Question 5

cohort effect

Answer 5

the particular impact on development that occurs when a group of people share a common time period or common life experience

Question 6

nature

Answer 6

heredity

the influence of inherited characteristics on personality, physical growth, intellectual growth, and social interactions

Question 7

nurture

Answer 7

the influence of the environment on all of those same things

parenting styles, physical surroundings, economic factors

Question 8

behavioral genetics

Answer 8

a field in the investigation of the origins of behavior in which researchers try to determine how much of behavior is the result of genetic inheritance and how much is due to a person’s experiences

Question 9

genetics

Answer 9

the science of heredity

Question 10

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

Answer 10

two sugar phosphate strands linked together by amines or bases in patterns

Question 11

gene

Answer 11

each section of DNA containing a certain sequence or ordering of these amines

Question 12

chromosomes

Answer 12

genes are located on rod shaped structures called chromosomes
in nucleus of cell

Question 13

sex chromosomes

Answer 13

humans have 46
autosomes = 22 pairs, normal
sex chromosomes = 1 pair, determines sex

Question 14

dominant vs recessive

Answer 14

dominant = genes that are more active in influencing the trait and are always expressed
recessive = genes that are only expressed if there are two of them

Question 15

polygenic inheritance

Answer 15

traits are controlled by more than one pair of genes

almost all traits

Question 16

down syndrome

Answer 16

disorder in which there is an extra chromosome in the 21st pair

Question 17

klinefelter’s syndrome

Answer 17

23rd set of sex chromosomes is XXY

male with reduced masculine characteristics and some feminine characteristics

Question 18

turner’s syndrome

Answer 18

23rd pair missing an X, lone X

female that is short, infertile, sexually underdeveloped

Question 19

ovum
fertilization
zygote

Answer 19

egg
egg and sperm unite
after fertilization, resulting cell will have 46 chromosomes and is called a zygote

Question 20

monozygotic twins

Answer 20

two babies come from one fertilized egg/zygote
mass splits early in the division process into two masses
same sex and same characteristics

Question 21

dizygotic twins

Answer 21

woman releases more than one egg or releases an egg later

if two eggs fertilized, woman gives birth to multiple babies

Question 22

conjoined twins

Answer 22

when twins are joined at the point where the cell masses remained stuck
soft tissue sharing or share certain body parts

Question 23

uterus

Answer 23

muscular organ that contains and protects the developing organism

Question 24

germinal period of pregnancy

Answer 24

2 week period where zygote begins dividing, moves down to uterus, attaches to wall of uterus after forming hollow ball
placenta begins to form, umbilical cord begins to develop

Question 25

placenta and umbilical cord

Answer 25

placenta is specialized organ that provides nourishment and filters away the developing baby’s waste products
umbilical cord connects the organism to the placenta

Question 26

what happens during germinal period

Answer 26

cells being to differentiate or specialize to prepare to become all sorts of cells in human body
most important = stem cells

Question 27

stem cells

Answer 27

stay in a somewhat immature state until needed to produce more cells

Question 28

embryo

Answer 28

once firmly attached to the uterus, the developing organism is called an embryo

Question 29

embryonic period

Answer 29

2 weeks after conception to 8 weeks
cells continue to specialize and become the various organs and structures of a human infant
no organ fully developed or completely functional but nearly all are there

Question 30

critical periods

Answer 30

times during which some environmental influences can have an impact, often devastating, on the development of the infant

Question 31

teratogen

Answer 31

any substance such as a drug, chemical, virus, or other factor that can cause a birth defect

Question 32

fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

Answer 32

a series of physical and mental defects including stunted growth, facial deformities, and brain damage
exposure to alcohol during pregnancy

Question 33

fetal period

Answer 33

period of tremendous growth lasting from about 8 weeks after conception until brith
length of developing organism (now fetus) increases by about 20
organs continue to develop and become functional
teratogens more likely to effect physical functioning of organs rather than structure

Question 34

preterm

Answer 34

babies born before 38 weeks

may need life support to survive

Question 35

miscarriage/spontaneous abortion

Answer 35

when babies die

most likely time is during first three months as the organs are forming and first becoming functional