States of Consciousness 2

Question 1

nightmares

Answer 1

bad dreams

kids spend more time in it

Question 2

REM behavior disorder

Answer 2

brain mechanisms that normally inhibit the voluntary muscles fail
person can thrash around and get up and act out nightmares
usually men over 60, can be others

Question 3

night terrors

Answer 3

more likely in kids
state of panic experienced while sound asleep
sit up, move, feel can’t breathe, don’t remember often

Question 4

differences between nightmares and night terrors

Answer 4

nightmares usually vividly remembered when waking
nightmares occur during REM sleep but night terrors occur in NREM
people don’t move in nightmares

Question 5

sleepwalking/somnambulism

Answer 5

20% of population, partially due to heredity
more common in childhood and in boys
most don’t remember
if prevent sleep loss can help prevent sleepwalking

Question 6

insomnia

Answer 6

inability to get sleep, stay asleep, or get a good quality of sleep
psychological and physiological causes

Question 7

help for insomnia

Answer 7

go to bed only when sleepy
don’t do anything in bed except sleep (classical conditioning, bed cue for sleep)
keep regular sleep schedule
don’t take sleeping pills or drugs that slow down nervous system

Question 8

sleep apnea

Answer 8

person stops breathing for 10 seconds or more
when breathing stops, sudden silence then gasping sound
snoring
don’t awake (many) but don’t get good rest
wear nasal opening device, lose weight, nasal spray, CPAP, surgery

Question 9

continuous positive airway pressure

Answer 9

for sleep apnea

device that delivers continuous stream of air under mild pressure

Question 10

uvula

Answer 10

surgery to get this (and some of surrounding soft tissues) removed helps with sleep apnea
little flap that hangs down at back of throat

Question 11

baby apnea

Answer 11

due to immaturity of brain stem
placed on monitors that sound alarm when breathing stops
associated with SIDS, not causation

Question 12

narcolepsy

Answer 12

sleep seizure
person may slip suddenly into REM sleep during the day, especially when experience strong emotions
excessive daytime sleepiness, fall asleep in bad times and places
cataplexy

Question 13

cataplexy

Answer 13

sudden loss of muscle tone

symptom of narcolepsy

Question 14

freud dreams

Answer 14

thought unconscious mind and childhood memories appeared in dreams
believe conflicts, events, and desires of the past represented in symbolic form in the dreams
dreams = wish fulfillment

Question 15

manifest content

Answer 15

actual dream itself

freud

Question 16

latent content

Answer 16

true meaning of dream

hidden, expressed only in symbols

Question 17

dreams product of activity in the

Answer 17

pons
pons inhibits neurotransmitters that allow movement of voluntary muscles while sending random signals to areas of cortex that interpret vision, hearing, etc

Question 18

activation-synthesis hypothesis

Answer 18

dream merely another kind of thinking that occurs when people sleep
less realities because comes not from outside reality but from people’s memories and experiences of past
frontal lobes shut down so unrealistic dreams

Question 19

activation-information-mode model (AIM)

Answer 19

hobson
information that is accessed during waking hours can have influence on synthesis of dreams
aka when brain making up dream to explain own activation, uses meaningful bits of person’s recent experiences

Question 20

what do people dream about

Answer 20

events that occur in everyday life
gender, hormonal/genetic, sociocultural influences, or combo
men = dream about men, aggression, unfamiliar, tools, sex
women = men and women, victims, familiar, personal/family

Question 21

hypnosis

Answer 21

state of consciousness in which person especially susceptible to suggestion
only works if willing to be hypnotized

Question 22

steps in hypnotic induction

Answer 22

1. hypnotist tells person to focus on what is being said
2. person told to relax and feel tired
3. hypnotist tells person to let go and accept suggestions easily
4. person told to use vivid imagination

Question 23

brain hypnotizing

Answer 23

highly hypnotizable people have more active areas associated with decision making and attention

Question 24

hypnotic susceptibility

Answer 24

degree to which person is good hypnotic subject

ordered suggestions

Question 25

basic suggestion effect

Answer 25

tendency to act as though behavior is automatic and out of control
gives people excuse to do things might not otherwise do because burden of responsibility on hypnotist
subject hypnotizes self, can’t be hypnotized against will

Question 26

dissociation

Answer 26

splitting of conscious awareness

Question 27

hilgard theory

Answer 27

believe hypnosis work only on immediate conscious mind of person while part of mind (hidden observer) remains aware of all that was going on
arms in ice study = subjects feel no pain, deny it

Question 28

social-cognitive theory of hypnosis

Answer 28

experiment, participants asked to behave as if were hypnotized, could do what hypnotized people could
assumes people who are hypnotized are not in altered state but are merely playing role expected of them in situation, may believe hypnotized, social roles