Test 1 Reproduction Clinical Application/investigations

Question 1

Kleinfelter’s syndrome:

• Cause:
• Results:
• Illustrates what in regards to sex determination:

Answer 1

• Cause:
  XXY
• Results:
  Generally infertile, with lower than normal amounts of testosterone and estrogen.
• Illustrates what in regards to sex determination:
  It is the Y that matters

Question 2

Turner’s syndrome:

• Cause:
• Results:
• Illustrates what in regards to sex determination:

Answer 2

• Cause:
  X
• Results:
  Generally infertile, with lower than normal amounts of testosterone and estrogen.
• Illustrates what in regards to sex determination:
  It is the Y that matters

Question 3

Cremaster muscle:

• Runs aside what:
• Does what:

Answer 3

• Runs aside what:
  Travels with the spermatic cord into each teste
• Does what:
  Elevates the testes for warmth, or arousal (physical not sexual), or sexy times (but also sexual)

Question 4

Cremasteric reflex:

• is elicited how?
• Absence is indicative of what?

Answer 4

• is elicited how?
  Lightly stroke the inside of a males thigh
• Absence is indicative of what?
  Testicular torsion (twisting of the spermatic cord, which exercise can cause)

Question 5

Endometriosis:

Endometrial tissue:

Answer 5

Presence of endometrial tissue outside of its normal location.
The innermost layer of the uterus.

Question 6

What problem is called by endometriosis?

Answer 6

Endometrial tissue is usually present on the ovaries.

It still bleeds in response to cyclic secretions of ovarian steroid hormones (estrogen and progesterone)

Question 7

How is endometriosis treated?

Answer 7

Endometriosis is treated with Nafarelin (a GnRH analog). Which causes hyper, non cyclic, production of FSH and LH by anterior pituitary gland. Because GnRH production is not cyclic, the GnRH receptors will be down regulated resulting in much lower levels of LH and FSH.

Question 8

How does Nafarelin work?

What does it treat?

Answer 8

It is a GnRH analog. Its binding activates the GnRH receptors of the anterior pituitary, causing continuous high production of FSH and LH. This results in downregulation of the number of GnRH receptors, reducing ovarian steroid hormone levels.
Endometriosis

Question 9

Why are birth controls pills often given with nafarelin?

Answer 9

Because nafarelin results in such low estrogen and progesterone levels the the estrogen and progesterone from the birth controls is needed to compensate.