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ADV. Human Phys > Test 5 Reproduction revealed > Flashcards

Test 5 Reproduction revealed Flashcards

1
Q

The vessels in the umbilical cord are named according to their relationship to the?

A

Fetal Heart
(artery away from fetal heart)
(vein towards the fetal heart)

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2
Q

Umbelical cord has how many veins?
Arteries?
Arteries are oxygenated or deoxygenated?

A

1
2
deoxygenated (away from fetal heart, towards chorion frondosum)

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3
Q

How many layers separate the fetal and maternal blood?

A

Two
Syncytiotrophoblast
Fetal capillary endothelium

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4
Q

Three roles of the placenta:

A
  • Provide conduit for waste disposal and nutrient delivery
  • High protein production and metabolic processing (which helps protect the fetus, like the liver filters nutrients/toxins from the GI)
  • Endocrine function
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5
Q

Hormones produced by the placenta:

A 
All of these have human in front of it:
Chorionic gonadotropin
Growth hormone-variant (also called placental growth hormone)
chorionic somatomammotroppin (also called placental lactogen)
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6
Q

human chorionic gonnadotroppin function:

A

LH like effect, maintains the corpus luteum.

May suppress maternal immune system.

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7
Q

Human Growth Hormone-Variant function:

- Other name:

A

works like maternal growth hormone. Stimulates lipolysis for nutrient generation for fetus.
- Other name:
placental growth hormone

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8
Q

chorionic Somatomammotroppin function:

- other name:

A

Supplements growth hormone. Mobilizes metabolism. No effect on lactation yet seen.
- other name:
human placental lactogen

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9
Q

What two hormones from the placenta produce a diabetes like effect:
- Why?

A

Human Growth Hormone-VariantHuman Growth Hormone-Variant
chorionic Somatomammotroppin
- Why?
mobilize sugar, which the placenta/fetus runs off of

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10
Q

Maternal pancreatic beta cells proliferate to prevent:

A

gestational diabetes

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11
Q

How much estrogen comparatively is produced by the placenta by 6 weeks?
Why?

A

100x as much

To help maintain the placenta once the corpus luteum tags out

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12
Q

Ratio shift for estrogen/progesterone during pregnancy:

Why?

A

100:1 ratio of estrogen/progesterone at beginning
1:1 ratio at the end
Progesterone helps:
- Calm uterine contractions
- maintain the placenta

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13
Q

Fetal-placental unit:

A

Maternal cholesterol -> placenta -> progesterone -> fetus -> androgens -> placenta -> estrogens

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14
Q

Estriol:

- Define:

A

Estriol is a weak estrogen

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15
Q

What hormone in the urine can be used to approximate health of the placenta?

A

Estriol

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16
Q

Which two agents can be used to induce labor?

A

Oxytocin

Prostaglandins (prostaglandin F2alpha and prostaglandin prostaglandin E2)

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17
Q

What hormone in the first semester promotes the decidual reaction:

A

relaxin

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18
Q

Relaxin in animals:

A

Promotes softening of the pubic symphysis prior to parturition

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19
Q

Oxytocin effect on the uterus:

- Alternative means to produce oxytocin?

A

it causes it to contract (how it stimulates birth)
- Alternative means to produce oxytocin?
Give baby to the mother to suckle -> induces oxytocin -> uterus contracts -> reduces blood loss

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20
Q

Light somewhat irregular 20 - 30 second uterine contractions occurring every 20 minutes throughout much of pregnancy are called:

A

Braxton Hicks contractions

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21
Q

Braxton Hicks contractions:

  • When can you start feeling them?
  • function:
  • How do they differ from true labor?
A
  • When can you start feeling them?
    mid pregnancy, though some women never notice
  • function:
    Tone the uterus
  • How do they differ from true labor?
    True labor contractions last longer 40 seconds
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22
Q

Positive feedback in labor:

A

Stretching of cervix -> more oxytocin released by pituitary -> stronger uterine contractions -> more Stretching of cervix -> more oxytocin released by pituitary -> etc.

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23
Q

Oxytocin:

  • Stimulates the uterus how?
  • Brand name:
A 
- Stimulates the uterus how?
Directly stimulates uterus
Stimulates the uterus through prostaglandin
- Brand name:
Pitocin
24
Q

Labor induction can use:

A

Injection of pitocin

Insertion of a suppository of prostaglandins into the vagina

25
Q

Bloody show:

A

Expulsion of a protective mucous plug from the cervical canal

26
Q

Head of the baby should be orientated towards:

A

The cervix

looking towards mother’s back (the floor)

27
Q

First stage labor:

A
  • cervix must thin out (effacement)
  • Cervix must then dilate
  • Amniotic sack is normally ruptured (water breaks)
28
Q

When does the first stage of labor end?

A

When the cervix is dilated to 10 cm

29
Q

En-caul birth:

A

Baby born within the amniotic sack

30
Q

Second stage maneuver:

A

Contractions every 1-2 minutes
Women often perform valsalva’s maneuver
As the fetus enters the vagina, the desire to push increases

31
Q

Advantages of squatting birth:

A

Widens the pelvic space
Helps mother apply force downward (with abdominals)
Gravity helps)
Less tearing of the perineum (region around genital and anus)

32
Q

An incision to widen the vaginal opening and hasten delivery:

  • Is called:
  • Should be used?
A
  • Is called:
    episiotomy
  • Should be used?
    Rarely
33
Q

Why is the babies head guided down and turned to one side?

A

So one shoulder can exit at a time, reduces the chance they get caught

34
Q

Why can the babies head mold to be cone shaped?

A

Because the bones are meant to move to allow the head to exit more easily

35
Q

When is the umbilical cord cut?

A

After the baby is breathing normally. This allows babies to still oxygen from their mothers

36
Q

Third stage of labor:

A

Separation and delivery of the placenta

37
Q

Breech birth:

A

Baby comes out butt first

38
Q

Cesarean section:

A

30% of births are done this way
Baby removed from abdomen
Mostly driven by concern for liability

39
Q

Vernix Caseosa:

A

Protective white cheese-like substance produced by fetal skin to protect it.

40
Q

Meconium:

A

Found inside the intestines of the fetus.
Expelled after birth.
Breast feeding helps to remove meconium, which has bilirubin

41
Q

Effect of maternal hormone on sex characterizing traits and reproductive functions of babies:

A

Babies will sometimes have enlarged breasts, which produce milk
Female babies will sometimes have a mini period due before hormone levels drop

42
Q

Structure of mammary gland (flow chart of milk flow):

A

Lobe (of lobules (of glandular alveoli)) -> excrete milk which flows -> secondary tubules -> mammary ducts -> ampulla (lumen of the lactiferous ducts) -> lactiferous ducts -> out of the nipple

43
Q

What determines the size and shape of a woman’s breast?

Is this related to milk production?

A

Adipose tissue.

No, not really

44
Q

Estrogen and mammary gland development:

A

Proliferation of tubules and ducts

45
Q

Progesterone and mammary gland development:

A

Development of mammary alveoli

46
Q

What causes the hypothalamus to excrete prolactin inhibiting hormone:

A

High levels of estrogen.

47
Q

Prolactin inhibiting hormone:

  • Turns out to be:
  • Effect:
A
  • Turns out to be:
    Dopamine
  • Effect:
    Inhibits anterior pituitary from excreting prolactin
48
Q

What causes milk to start being produced?

A

The placenta is excreted (which produces estrogen) -> blood estrogen drops -> PIH levels drop -> prolactin from anterior pituitary -> milk protein production

49
Q

How long is the milk supply delayed?

A

2 - 3 days of delay.

50
Q

What can be done to prevent a women from creating breast milk after pregnancy?

A

Exogenous estrogen

Bromocriptine (dopamine agonist)

51
Q

Suckling effect on prolactin:

A

Neuro endocrine reflex.
Sensory stimuli from suckling -> inhibits release of PIH -> more prolactin
May also increase prolactin releasing hormone levels.

52
Q

Milk letdown (ejection) reflex:

A

Neuro endocrine reflex.

Sensory stimuli from suckling -> oxytocin produced -> release of milk

53
Q

Conditional reflex milk let down reflex explain:

A

Milk letdown reflex is initially triggered only by suckling, but can later be triggered by a bay crying, or seeing a baby.

54
Q

What can suppress the milk let down reflex?

A

Fight or flight reflex

55
Q

IgG gains entry to the fetus how?

IgG provides what?

A

Transplacental crossing

Passive immunity

56
Q

Passive immunity from milk:

A

Predominately IgA, some IgG. Protects the intestinal tract.

57
Q

Breast feeding contraception:

  • Define:
  • Most effective when:
A 
- Define:
Inhibits secretion of gonadatropins, which stops ovulating
- Most effective when:
mother has low calorie intake
Baby is fed frequently

ADV. Human Phys (51 decks)

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