Test 3 Study Guide Part 4 Flashcards
DIC stands for what?
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
Disseminated intravascular coagulation is what type of condition?
Why does it have this name?
A consumptive coagulopathy.
It is called this because degree of widespread coagulation will cause a depletion of clotting factors. You will therefore see an increase in clotting, and thrombosis which causes thrombocytopenia (decrease thrombocytes), which in turn causes hemorrhaging. So we see both excessive bleeding and excessive clotting.
What can cause disseminated intravascular coagulation disorder?
Anything which can elicit systemic inflamation and shock and activation of clotting cascades. AKA: Amniotic fluid Embolism: Retained dead fetus: Severe infection Cancer Transfusion with incompatible blood
How is DIC treated?
Remove cause (cancer, infection, retained dead fetus) Give low levels of heparin (breaks up clotting, allows factors to be freed up for other purposes)
What prevents an electrical impulse from traveling to the atrial myocardium from the vetricle myocardium and visa versa?
Fibrous skeleton (the fibrous skeleton is also what the valves of the heart are suspended in)
Which vessel in your body has the largest diameter of any vessel?
The inferior vena cava
Pulmonary Circulation:
Route:
Features of driving ventricle:
Route:
right ventricle -> pulmonary trunk -> pulmonary artery -> pulmonary capillaries -> pulmonary veins -> left atri
Features of driving ventricle:
- It is the right ventricle
- The right ventricle is thinner, as it must only drive blood to the lungs and back to the heart
- The pumping of the left ventricle is sufficient to keep blood pressurized through the capillaries and back into the heart.
Systemic Circulation:
Route:
left ventricle -> aorta -> arteries -> arterioles -> capillaries -> venules -> veins -> (inferior or superior) vena cava -> right atria
Features of driving ventricle:
- The left ventricle is thicker, as it must drive blood to the top of the head
- The left ventricle provides insufficient pressure to bring the blood back up the inferior vena cava
- This is because, in part, the severe number of capillaries and arterioles, which decrease blood flow rate.
Should the systemic circulation and the pulmonary circulation have the same flow rate?
How is this rate achieved if the left ventricle is more muscular and contracts with more force?
Yes, or we would see edema
The left ventricle must also deal with increased resistance
AV valves:
- Name:
- Two valves:
- Name: Atrioventricular valve - Two valves: tricuspid valve (right, has first to letters of right in its name) Mitral valve (left, bicuspid valve)
Chordae tendineae:
attach to the papillary muscle.
They stop the bicuspid and the tricuspid valve from prolapsing.
Semilunar Valves:
- Two names:
- Structural differences between semilunar valves and atrioventricular valves:
- Two names:
Pulmonary semilunar valve
Aortic semilunar valve - Structural differences between semilunar valves and atrioventricular valves:
Semilunar valves do not have chordae tendineae. They do not need them because they are under less pressure
In what ways does the atria facilitate blood flow?
The primary method is by promoting continuous flow of blood (They are partially empty and stretchable, which allows blood to flow into them while the atrioventricular valves are closed).
The secondary method is by contributing 20% of the fluid volume of the ventricle just prior to contraction.
How does the atria help to achieve continuous blood flow?
It has no valve to interrupt flow.
It is slightly empty when the atrioventricular valve closes, which allows fluid to continue flowing into it.
It is elastic, which allows it to hold even more fluid within it, further allowing fluid to flow into even though the atrioventricular valve is closed.
atrial contractions are incomplete, and so do not contract to the point where they exclude the inflow of blood.
It contracts only weakly, so it does not push blood back through the vein.
Atria relax right before ventricular contraction, which means that they are allowing inflow of blood during atrial contraction.
They also contract after the valve is open, and while the ventricles are filling
- Pressure in atria will be low
Is atrial contraction necessary?
No. They do not need to contract for you to live.
Two heart sounds:
Lub Dub
Lub:
- S1 (sound 1)
- Associated with the closing of the atrioventricular valve
Dub:
- S2 (sound 2)
- Louder (possibly because the sound isn’t dampened by the chordae tendonae
- Associated with semilunar valves closing
Heart:
- Diastole:
- Systole:
- If you do not specify which chamber you are taking about, then what is assumed to be the chamber you are speaking about?
- Diastole:
relaxed (diastole = dialysis, this is when its open and relaxed) - Systole:
Seized/contracted - If you do not specify which chamber you are taking about, then what is assumed to be the chamber you are speaking about?
Left ventricle (as it is kind of the most important)
Heart murmurs:
- Cause:
- Cause:
Abnormal blood flow in the heart, usually associated with valve issues
Rheumatic fever:
- Effects:
- Define:
- Effects:
Heart, nervous system, and joints. (it can attack valves in the heart, and cause murmurs) - Define:
An autoimmune disease caused in response to a streptococci infection. Host mimicry causes you to target antigens which are also present in your body.
Autoimmune damage from rheumatic fever can damage which two valves?
The mitral valve (bicuspid valve) or the aortic semilunar valve
