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ADV. Human Phys > Test 2 Study Guide 3 > Flashcards

Test 2 Study Guide 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Beta-2 agonist:

  • Name:
  • Treats:
A
  • Name:
    Terbutaline (albuterol)
  • Treats:
    dilates bronchiole to treat asthma
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2
Q

Preganglionic axons in the sympathetic, somatic, and parasympathetic systems are all:

A

excitatory nicotinic ACh receptors

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3
Q

What seperates exocrine and endocrine glands?

A

Exocrine have duct, and release into a cavity or the outside.

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4
Q

Pancreas:

- Why is it endocrine and exocrine:

A

Produces insulin (in its pancreatic islets) and produces digestive secretions.

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5
Q

Do organs which are not strictly considered endocrine produce hormone molecules? Obviously because I asked the question. Name a few.

A

Yes.

Heart, brain, adipose tissue, stomach, kidneys and others

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6
Q

Define Neurohormone (give examples):

A

A substance secreted by the axon of a neuron into the bloodstream into the bloodstream. Examples: Vasopressin and oxytocin.

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7
Q

What are the three categories of hormones:

- Mention their solubility (ability to cross membrane

A

Amine hormones (amino acid derivatives):
- Most unable to cross the PM
Polypeptides:
- All are not lipid soluble. Cannot cross the membrane.
Steroids:
All lipid soluble, often bind to receptors within the cell.

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8
Q

Amine Hormones:

  • Derived from:
  • Secreted from:
A
  • Derived from:
    Tyrosine and Tryptophan
  • Secreted from:
    Adrenal medulla, thyroid, and pineal gland
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9
Q

Peptide Hormone:

Protein Hormone:

A 
Peptide Hormone:
- Short chain:
- E.G. Antidiuretic hormone
Protein Hormone:
- Long chain: >100 amino acids
- Growth hormone (190 amino acids)
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10
Q

Glycoprotein hormones:

- E.G.:

A

Follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone

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11
Q

Steroid hormones:

  • Derived from:
  • Secreted from:
  • Examples:
  • Sources of Testosterone and Estrogen:
A
  • Derived from:
    Cholesterol
  • Secreted from:
    Only two endocrine glands: adrenal cortex, and the gonads
  • Examples:
    Testosterone, Estradiol, progesterone, cortisol
  • Sources of Testosterone and Estrogen:
    Gonads and surprisingly the adrenal cortex
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12
Q

What classes of hormones are nonpolar/lipid soluble:

A

Steroids, thyroid hormones, and melatonin (despite being an amine hormone)

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13
Q

What hormones are produced by the thyroid gland:

A

T4 (thyroxine AKA tetraiodothyronine)

T3 (triiodothyronine)

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14
Q

Which type of hormone (polar or nonpolar) is best taken as pills?

A

Nonpolar and non-digestible. Estrogen, progesterone, thyroxine (tetraiodothyronine T4, triiodothyronine T3) because they can diffuse across the intestinal lining,

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15
Q

How must insulin be taken? Why?

A

Injection.

It is digestable (polypeptide)

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16
Q

Examples of polar hormones:

A
  • Catecholamines (epinephrine, norepenephrine)
  • Polypeptides: insulin, growth hormone, vasopressin
  • Glycoproteins: LH and FSH
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17
Q

Which adrenergic receptors are more sensitive to:

  • Norepinephrine:
  • Epinephrine:
A
  • Norepinephrine:
    Alpha
  • Epinephrine:
    Beta
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18
Q

Hormonal and neuronal control are both very similar. Both use a chemical and the diffusion distances differ but little else does.

A

I thought I’d throw this in.

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19
Q

Can something be both a neurotransmitter and a hormone?

A

Yes.
An example is secretin. In some cases something can be a neurotransmitter in one region of the brain, and a hormone in another.

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20
Q

Traits of an ideal hormone receptor:

Why?

A

High affinity
Low capacity
Hormones are at relatively low concentrations, therefore response must be robust to a relatively small amount

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21
Q

In what manner does transport of nonpolar hormones (steroid hormones, thyroid hormones) in the blood stream differ from transport of polar?

A

Polar diffuses within the plasma of the bloodstream.
Lipid proteins are associated with carrier proteins >99% of the time. They will then disassociate and diffuse into a cell

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22
Q

Nuclear Hormone Receptors:

A

Located in the nucleus. Receptors to which hormones bind, then are localized to the nucleus where they act as transcription factors.

23
Q

Genomic action of Steroid Hormones:

Nongenomic action of Steroid Hormones:

A

Genomic action of Steroid Hormones:
- Binding to the nuclear hormone receptors
Nongenomic action of Steroid Hormones:
- Binding of steroid hormone to external receptor with a second messenger system, happens faster

24
Q

SERMs:

  • What does it stand for?
  • What do they tell us about the genomic action of steriods?
A
  • Selective estrogen receptor modulators
  • They tell us that the genomic action is not as straight forwards as you would think. While SERMs bind to the receptor they may enlist different coactivator proteins and co-repressors depending on the cell they are in.
25
Q

Define coactivator and corepressor:

A

Coactivator and corepressors are regulatory proteins of nuclear hormone receptor (and other pathways). There are twenty found so far in relation to estrogen.

26
Q

Thyroid gland:

  • Location:
  • Hormones:
A 
- Location:
Just below the larynx
- Hormones:
Thyroxin (T4, tetraiodothyroxine)
T3 (triiodothyronine)
27
Q

TBG:

  • Stands for:
  • Features of its interaction with T4 and T3
A
  • Stands for:
    Thyroxin binding globulin
  • Features of its interaction with T4 and T3:
    Binds more easily to T4 (less polar) then to T3. Resultantly far more T3 is in the bloodstream then T4. T4 bound to TBG acts as a reservoir which supplies thyroxin for a few weeks even if the thyroid fails.
28
Q

Entry of T4 and T3 into cells, and their action, explain:

A

T4 and T3 both diffuse into the cell (T4 a little easier as it is non-polar). The cell then converts T4 -> T3. T3 is the only form which can bind to the ligand domain of the nuclear hormone receptor.

29
Q

Catecholamines and other amino hormones:

  • Name a few:
  • Mechanism of interaction:
  • How does cAMP perform its effect:
  • How is cAMP inactivated:
A
  • Name a few:
    Norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine (catecholamines), histamine, and seratonin
  • Mechanism of interaction:
    G-protein coupled receptors and activation of cAMP
  • How does cAMP perform its effect:
    Activates a protein kinase, which adds phosphates to various enzymes inactivating and activating them
  • How is cAMP inactivated:
    Phosphodiesterase (hydrolyses cAMP)
30
Q

cGMP:

  • Plays what roll in erectile dysfunction:
  • How do viagra treat erectile dysfunction?
A
  • Plays what roll in erectile dysfunction:
    cGMP relaxes the corora cavernosa causing penile erection, release of NO
  • How do viagra treat erectile dysfunction?
    It inhibits phosphodiesterase-5 from breaking down cGMP, which allows the erection to occur.
31
Q

Infundibulum:

  • Name meaning:
  • Most common structure references:
A
  • Name meaning:
    Infundibulum is a funnel in”fun”dibulum. This is latin for funnel.
  • Most common structure references:
    An infundibulum connects the hypothalamus to the hypophysis.
32
Q

Rathke’s pouch:

  • Define:
  • What does it become:
A
  • Define:
    An evagination of the ectoderm of the mouth
  • What does it become:
    Anterior pituitary
33
Q

Posterior Pituitary:

  • Alternative names:
  • Hormones excreted (it produces none):
A 
- Alternative names:
Neurohypophysis
Pars Nervosa
- Hormones excreted (it produces none):
Oxytocin
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH, Vasopressin)
34
Q

Anterior Pituitary:

  • Alternative names:
  • Trophic hormones produced and secreted:
A 
- Alternative names:
Adenohypophysis (adeno = endocrine)
Pars Distalis
- Hormones excreted:
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
LH
FSH
Prolactin
Growth Hormone
35
Q

Pars tuberalis:
Pars Intermedia:
Pars distalis:

A

Pars tuberalis: sheath which coats the infundibulum
Pars Intermedia: Tissue which exists in children between the pars nervosa and pars distalis
Pars distalis: The adenohypophysis

36
Q

What does vasopressin do:

A
  • Decreases urination (increases water reuptake/retention)

- Can constrict blood vessels (maintains blood pressure)

37
Q

What does oxytocin do:

A
  • Causes uterine contractions
  • milk-ejection
  • participates in sexual arousal/love
38
Q

By what means does oxytocin and ADH reach the Pars Nervosa?

A

Hypothalamic hypophyseal tract

39
Q

Milk ejection reflex (milk let down reflex) define:

A

Sucking by infant stimulates nerves, which cause release of oxytocin, which leads to release of milk.

40
Q

Baroreceptors:

  • Location:
  • Function:
A
  • Location:
    Aortic arch, carotid sinus
  • Function:
    Signal to the hypothalamus which releases ADH to increase blood pressure
41
Q

Hormones released through the hypothalamo - hypophyseal portal control release of the tropic hormones of the adenohypophysis

A

Hypothalamic regulatory hormones define:

42
Q

Venous Portal System define:

A

When there are two capillary beds before reentry into the heart

  • First is primary capillary
  • Second is secondary capillary
43
Q

Hypothalamic regulatory hormones which act on the anterior pituitary:

A

Gonadatropin releasing hormones GRH (stimulates LH and FSH)
Cortotropin releasing hormone CRH (stimulates ACTH[adrenocorticotropic hormone])
thyrotropin releasing hormone TRH (stimulates TSH [thyroid stimulating hormone])
Prolactin-inhibiting hormone PIH (Inhibits PRH [Prolactin Releasing hormone])
Growth hormone-releasing hormone GHRH (releases GH [growth hormone])
Somatostatin (inhibits GH [growth hormone])

44
Q

How does regulation of thyroid stimulating hormone work?

A

Thyrotropin releasing hormone stimulates the anterior pituitary. This in turn releases TSH. TSH causes the thyroid to produce thyroxine.
Thyroxine acts to inhibit secretion TRH from the hypothalamus and decreases the responsiveness of the anterior pituitary to thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)

45
Q

What is a short feedback loop?

Short feedback loop and thyroid regulation:

A

When the product of the adenohypophysis inhibits the next step in the loop.
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) may inhibit the release of thyroid releasing hormone (TRH)

46
Q

How does estrogen act in a positive feedback loop during a period?

A

During the midpoint of the estrous cycle Estrogen has a positive feedback loop on LH resulting in ovulation. Estrogen is inhibitory later in the cycle to LH so that’s strange.

47
Q

Define an axis in terms of pituitary relationships:

A

The relationship between the anterior pituitary gland and its target gland.
e.g. pituitary-gonad axis

48
Q

Pheromones effect the pituitary gonad axis in what way?

A

Pheromones are released, smelt, and can then cause effects such as the delay of the period.

49
Q

What are the three zones of the adrenal cortex? What is their primary product?

A 
Zona Glomerulosa:
- mineralcorticoids:
Zona fasciculata
- Glucocorticoids (regulate metabolism, cortisol)
Zona Reticularis
- weak androgens
50
Q

In the adrenal cortex, all steroids produced are collectively known as:

A

corticosteroids

51
Q

All adrenergic receptors are _______.

A

G protein coupled receptors

52
Q

Where are neurohypophysis hormones produced?

A

Supraoptic nucleus

Paraventricular nucleus

53
Q

Releasing hormone normally belongs to hormones produced where?

A

The hypothalamus (Hypothalamic regulatory hormones)

ADV. Human Phys (51 decks)

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