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ADV. Human Phys > Test 5 Study Guide Part 1 > Flashcards

Test 5 Study Guide Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Two forms of allergies (hypersensitivity reaction):

A
  • Immediate Hypersensitivity: B lymphocyte mediated
  • Delayed Hypersensitivity:
    T lymphocyte mediated
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2
Q

Chronic runny or stuffy nose:

A

Allergic rhinitis

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3
Q

Hives is also called:

A

Atopic dermatitus

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4
Q

red eyes:

A

Conjunctivitis

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5
Q
  • Immediate Hypersensitivity symptoms:
A 
- rapid reaction:
food allergies
allergic asthma
allergic rhinitis
atopic dermatitis
Conjunctivitis
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6
Q

a Non-allergic individual’s “allergic reaction”:

A

allergen stimulates Helper T lymphocyte (TH1) cells to secrete inflammatory interferon-γ and interleukin-2.

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7
Q

Allergic individual’s allergic first exposure to allergen:

A

Dendrite activates -> TH2 cells activated -> B-cell produces -> IgE binds Fc side -> Mast cells and basophils -> mast cells primed, with Fab side of IgE facing outward.

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8
Q

Immediate Hypersensitivity (second exposure to allergen):

A

Mast cells primed with IgE bind allergen, release Histamine, (leukotrienes, prostaglandins).

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9
Q

IgE binds to them where:
Basophils:
Mast cells:

A

Blood

Tissues

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10
Q

Histamine effect:

A
  • constriction of bronchioles
  • vasodilator
  • anaphylactic shock is very systemic vasodilation from histamine
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11
Q
  • bronchoconstriction in asthma is primarily caused by:
A

Leukotrienes secreted by Eosinophils and mast cells (both IgE primed)
Eosinophils predominant cause

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12
Q
  • Asthma is treated with:
A

beta-2 adrenergic agonists

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13
Q

A test involves multiple sticks in the arm with a needle coated by different allergens.
What is it looking for?

A

Flare-and-wheal reaction
Flare: redness
Wheal: swelling

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14
Q

Common allergens:

A

bee stings, dust mites, varous foods, pollen grains

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15
Q

Delayed hypersensitivity:

  • Cause:
  • Treatment:
A
  • Cause:
    T-cell
  • Treatment:
    Corticosteroids (glucocorticoids) such as hydrocortisone
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16
Q

Examples of delayed hypersensitivity:

A 
Contact dermatitis (caused by poison oak, nickel, chromium)
tuberculin tine test
mantoux test (purified protein derivative)
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17
Q

Respiration three definitions:

A

1: ventilation
2: gas exchange
3: oxygen utilization (cellular respiration)

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18
Q

Gas exchange between air and pulmonary arteries/veins (Co2 and O2)
Gas exchange between interstitial fluid and capillaries

A

External respiration:

Internal respiration:

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19
Q

Exhale what percentage of oxygen:

CO2:

A

16% O2

3-5% CO2

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20
Q

How many cells separate air and blood in the alveoli (site of external respiration):

A

2 cells
an alveolar cell
a capillary epithelium cell

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21
Q

Amount of surface area within human lungs:

A

One side of a tennis court

22
Q

Type 1 alveolar cell:

Type 2 alveolar cell:

A

gas exchange occurs through these, most of the surface area

Secrete pulmonary surfactant and reabsorb Na+ and H2O stopping fluid build up

23
Q

The exchange surface is also called:

- What is it?

A

The respiratory zone
- What is it?
It is the area over which gas exchange occurs in the lung

24
Q

The respiratory zone is composed of?

A

The respiratory bronchiole

Alveoli

25
Q

Conducting zone:

A

All the parts of the lung which cannot have gas exchange occur across them

26
Q

Respiratory bronchioles:

- Distinctive feature:

A

They have alveoli along their walls

27
Q

Conducting zone:

- Pathway:

A

mouth or nose -> pharynx -> larynx (glottis inside of this) -> trachea -> left and right primary bronchi -> all successive branches -> terminal bronchi -> (here it goes to the respiratory zone, the respiratory bronchi)

28
Q

Pharynx:

A

Passageway where pathway for air and food cross

29
Q

Glottis:

A

Vocal folds and the space between them

30
Q

Larynx:

A

(voice box)
The ventricular folds (false vocal cords)
The vocal folds (true vocal cords
both part of the laryns.

31
Q

Adam’s apple:

A

largest ring of cartilage of the larynx

32
Q

Function of conducting system:

A

aid air to enter exchange surface.
Warm air
Humidify air
Clean the inspired air

33
Q

Why do men have a prominent Adam’s apple:

A

Women gave it to them and it never disappeared, still stuck there.
testosterone stimulate larger formation

34
Q

Mucociliary escalator:

  • define:
  • present:
A

ciliated epithelium, and mucus covering.
- present:
nose sinuses, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles (starting at terminal bronchioles)

35
Q

Mucociliary escalator:

- moves mucus/debris to:

A
  • moves mucus/debris to:

the esophagus, you swallow it or cough it out

36
Q

What size of particles do not normally enter the respiratory zone?

A

6 um

37
Q

Dust cells:

- Are normally called:

A

Alveolar macrophages

38
Q

What are the special cells, descended from monocytes which clean up particulates from the respiratory zone of the lungs:

A

Alveolar macrophages

39
Q

A dome shaped sheet of striated skeletal muscle:

A

the diaphram

40
Q

The diaphragm divides the body into what two cavities?

A

Abdominopelvic cavity

Thoracic cavity

41
Q

Parietal:

A

Associated with the wall

42
Q

Two serous membranes in the thoracic cavity and lungs are called:

A

Parietal pleura

Visceral pleura

43
Q

Intrapleural space:

A

a small “potential space” (thoracic cavity would have to lose pressure for this space to be visible) between the pleural membranes

44
Q

Which pleura secretes the lubricant between the two serous membranes which allows the lungs to slide by the thoracic wall?

A

The parietal pleura

45
Q

The pressure within the lungs/alveoli themselves

A

Intra-pulmonary pressure:

46
Q

Pressure relative to atmospheric during:
Inhalation:
Passive Exhalation:

A

Inhalation:
-3 mm/hg
Exhalation:
+3 mm/hg

47
Q

What mechanism lowers intrapulmonary pressure for inhalation?

A

Diaphragm lowers

the rips pull up and out

48
Q

What mechanism raises intrapulmonary pressure for exhalation?

A

Passive elastic recoil

49
Q

Pressure between the lungs, and the thoracic cavity, always lower than the intrapulmonary pressure

A

Intrapleural pressure:

50
Q

The difference between the intrapulmonary pressure and the intrapleural pressure, keeps the lungs stuck to the thoracic walls

A

transpulmonary pressure:

ADV. Human Phys (51 decks)

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