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ADV. Human Phys > Test 1 Study Guide Part 4 > Flashcards

Test 1 Study Guide Part 4 Flashcards

1
Q

How do Monoamine neurotransmitters work?

Use norepinephrine as an example.

A

Norepinephrine (a catecholamine) binds a g-protein coupled receptor, and G-proteins split. The alpha subunit finds adenylyl cyclase and activates. It does not have to be adenylyl cyclase. Production of cAMP can activate other protein kinases, which can open channels.

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2
Q

Alternative name for serotonin:

A

5-hydroxytryptamine

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3
Q

Can dietary levels of tryptophan effect serotonin levels produced by neurons?

A

You bet your sweet bum it can!

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4
Q

What physiological functions are attributed to serotonin?

A

Mood, behavior, appetite, and cerebral circulation

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5
Q

How do LSD, mescaline, and psilocybin exert their effect?

A

By binding to and activating serotonin receptors for in the cerebral cortex (used to be used medicinally to induce hallucinations)

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6
Q

Prozac, Paxil, Zoloft, and Luvox are all:

A

SSRIs (serotonin-specific reuptake inhibitors)

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7
Q

What is the mechanism of action of SSRIs?

A

serotonin-specific reuptake inhibitors reduce the production of serotonin transporter (SERT) proteins. Reduced number of SERTs in the presynaptic cell causes increased build up of Seratonin in the synapse.

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8
Q

Seratonin has a diverse number of effects because:

A

It has a diverse number of receptors.

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9
Q

Where are dopaminergic neurons located in the brain?

A

The mid brain

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10
Q

two different systems of dopaminergic neurons:

A
  • Nigrostriatal dopamine system (involved in motor control)

- Mesolimbic dopamine system (reward and behavior related)

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11
Q

Nigrostriatial dopaminergic neurons got their name form what?

A

Located in the substantia nigra (dark substance, melanin) and send projections into the corpus striatum (striped corpus)

Both the substantia nigra and corpus striatum are a part of the basal nuclei, which resides deep in the cerebrum and are involved in initiating skeletal movement

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12
Q

Nigrostriatial dopamine system:

  • Regulates:
  • Disorder of this system:
A

Regulates motor movement (which makes sense as it is a part of the basal nuclei)
Disorder of this system: Parkinson’s disease. treatment of Parkinson’s often involves treatment with L-dopa and MAOIs to increase dopamine in the nigrostratial system

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13
Q

What is the cause of Parkinson’s disease?

A

A degeneration of the dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra.

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14
Q

Mesolimbic system got its name because:

A

It starts in the mid brain (meso) and travels to the limbic system.

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15
Q

What type of pathways do addictive drugs (alcohol, cocaine, amphetamines, marijuana and morphine) activate?
Where do these pathways terminate in the forebrain?

A

Mesolymbic dopamine system

Forebrain

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16
Q

What is used to treat schizophrenia?

What does this suggest?

A

Dopamine antagonists.
That schizophrenia is caused by overactive dopaminergic nerves. (some people with Parkinson’s disease develop schizophrenia when treated with L-dopa)

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17
Q

Norepiniphrine in the PNS is (sympathetic or parasympathetic):
Norepiniphrine does what in the CNS?

A

Sympathetic

behavioral arousal

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18
Q

Amphetamines:

A

Elicit arousal, they activate the same pathways norepinephrine activates.

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19
Q

Excitatory amino acid neurotransmitters in the CNS? Name the most common one first:

A

Glutamate (major excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain)

Aspartate

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20
Q

Inhibitory neurotransmitters

A

GABA (gamma amino butyric acid) and glycine

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21
Q

Does EPSP and IPSP generation constitute a greater energy loss then action potentials?

A

Yes

22
Q

I apply norepinephrine to treat depression (as it stimulates behavioral arousal in the CNS), what side effect could this have in the PNS?

A

It could cause activation of parasympathetic nerves in the PNS, and will raise blood pressure!

23
Q

What is the major excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain?

A

Glutamate (glutamic acid)

24
Q

What is the mechanism of action of GABA and Glycine?

A

Two GABA or two Glycine bind to ligand gated chlorine channel in the membrane. This allows Cl- to diffuse into the cell and causes hyperpolarization

25
Q

What specific roll does glycine play as a neurotransmitter?

A

Glycine is an inhibitory neurotransmitter.
It is in charge on the spinal inhibition of muscle movement of the opposing muscle group when you try to perform a movement.

26
Q

Mechanism of action of strychnine:

A

It blocks glycine receptor proteins. Death come as result of the inability to relax the diaphragm.

27
Q

What is the most prevalent neurotransmitter in the brain?

A

GABA (1/3 of neurons)

GABA: wide spread in the CNS

28
Q

Where is Glycine in the CNS:

A

Spinal cord: both glycine and GABA effect motor and sensory neurotransmission
Brain stem
Retina

29
Q

What does GABA do in the cerebellum?

What is the cell type which mediates motor function in the cerebellum using GABA?

A

The cerebellum seems to have entirely inhibitory effects. Glycine in the cerebellum helps to mediate motor function by inhibiting motor neurons.
Purkinje cells mediate motor function by using GABA.

30
Q

What are the symptoms of Huntington’s disease?

What is the underlying cause of Huntington’s disease?

A

Chorea (uncontrolled serpentine movements)

Deficiency of GABA releasing neurons.

31
Q

What is propofol?
Who did propofol kill?
How?

A

A compound which potentiates GABA (has sedative effect)
Michael Jackson died from overdosing on propofol.
Stopped respiratory movement.

32
Q

Can poly peptides also be neurotransmitters?

A

Yes. Of many various sizes.

33
Q

is a polypeptide neurotransmitter which is expressed in neurons regulating sensations of pain in many organs.

A

Substance P (substance P: Pain, Polypeptide)

34
Q

Convergence of neural pathways:

Divergence of neural pathways:

A

Convergence of neural pathways: Multiple neurons synapse with the same neuron.
Divergence of neural pathways: Each presynaptic nerve synapsis with multiple postsynaptic nerves.

35
Q

Summation:

  • Temporal:
  • Spatial:
A
  • Temporal: Multiple action potentials from a single axon summate in the postsynaptic neuron
  • Spatial: Multiple action potentials from a different axons (different presynaptic axons) summate in the postsynaptic neuron
36
Q

Presynaptic Inhibition:

  • Description:
  • Neurotransmitters involved:
A
  • Description:
    Reduction of Ca2+ due to depolarization and inactivation of Ca2+ (excitatory)
    Ca2+ channels never open due to hyperpolarization (inhibitory)
  • Neurotransmitters involved:
    GABA (inhibitory)
    Aspartate or acetylcholine (excitatory)
37
Q

From which of the three tissue types does nervous tissue arise?

A

Ectoderm (skin and nervous system)

38
Q 
Neural tube:
- Origin:
- Goes on to form:
Neural Crest:
- Origin:
- Goes on to form:
A

Neural tube:
- Origin:
Invagination and tube formation of ectoderm
- Goes on to form:
CNS
Neural Crest:
- Origin:
Tissue which held together the tissue which formed the neural tube
- Goes on to form:
The PNS (peripheral nerves, ganglia, etc.)

39
Q

Primary Brain Vesicles:

A 
- Prosencephalon:
Pros go first.
- Mesencephalon:
M for middle (always in middle)
- Rhombencephalon:
R for rear.
40
Q

Secondary Brain Vesicles:

A 
Prosencephalon:
- Telencephalon: Cerebrum (two cerebral hemispheres)
- Diencephalon: Diencephalon (hypothalamus and thalamus)
Mesencephalon:
- Mesencephalon: Mesencephalon
Rhombencephalon:
- Metencephalon: Cerebellum and Pons
- Myelencephalon: Medulla Oblongata
41
Q

What does the hollow space of the embryonic tube become?

A

The hollow space of the embryonic tube becomes the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord. These ventricles are lined with ependymal cells (which are ciliated)

42
Q

Choroid plexi:

A

Found in the ventricles of the CNS (simple cuboidal or columnar cells surrounding capillaries). These utilize simple diffusion and active transport (rather then simple diffusion)
Formed by secretion not filtration.
Slightly hypertonic and pressurized.

43
Q

layers of the cover on the CNS:

A 
Dura matter
Arachnoid Space
- Sub arachnoid space (CSF here)
- Pia matter
- You're freakin' CNS
44
Q

penetrate dura matter and allow drainage into the plasma (venous blood)

A

Arachnoid Villus

45
Q

Medulla define:

Cortex define:

A

Inner Layer.

Outer Layer

46
Q

Gray or white matter:

  • Cerebral cortex:
  • Cerebral medulla:
A 
- Cerebral cortex:
Gray (outside)
- Cerebral medulla:
White
(white matter is also found in nuclei), inside
47
Q

Neurogenesis from stem cells occurs where and what is the result:

A
  • Subventricular stem cell zone.
    Migrates to the striatum (motor control and cognitive functions)
  • Subglandular stem cell zone
    Hippocampus (may aide in memory and learning)
48
Q

Cerebrum:

  • Developed from:
  • Encompasses:
  • Purpose:
A 
- Developed from:
Telencephalon
- Encompasses:
Left and right hemispheres
- Purpose:
Cognition occurs here.
49
Q

Corpus Callosum:

A

interconenctive axons between the two cerebral hemispheres

50
Q

Function:

  • Frontal:
  • Parietal:
  • Temporal:
A
  • Frontal:
    Voluntary motor control, personality, higher intellectual processes
  • Parietal:
    Somatesthetic interpretation (cutaneous and muscular sensations), understanding of speach, formulating words to express thoughts and emotions, shapes/textures
  • Temporal:
    Interpret audio stimuli, storage of visual and auditory experience
51
Q

Function:

  • Occipital:
  • Insula:
A
  • Occipital:
    all interpretation and movements of vision
  • Insula:
    interpreting olfaction, pain integrating with visceral sensations

ADV. Human Phys (51 decks)

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