Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ADV. Human Phys > Test 5 Study Guide Part 3 > Flashcards

Test 5 Study Guide Part 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Blood gas machines:

  • Calibration:
  • Measures:
  • Provides a good index of what why?
A
  • Calibration:
    Done with a gas tank of known partial pressure of O2
  • Measures:
    pO2 in the plasma, not in the blood (cannot measure within RBCs)
  • Provides a good index of what why?
    Lung function, because it measures how close to atmospheric oxygen partial pressure it is reaching
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How much of oxygen in RBC vs plasma?

A

RBC: 19.7 ml of O2 (98.5% blood O2)
Plasma: .3 ml of O2 (1.5% blood O2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Why does breathing 100% O2 not significantly increase RBC O2 level?
What about plasma O2 conc?

A

Because hemoglobin is 97% saturated at 100 mmHg pO2.
It will increase, but since plasma O2 is only 1.5% of blood O2 content, even if it triples only an increase of 3% is is seen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

In increase in plasma pO2 will cause an increase in what?

A

Ability to diffuse blood to tissues. Does not greatly increase blood level in the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

After systemic circulation:
Pco2 is 46 mmHg
Po2 is 40 mmHg
What is it after leaving the lungs?

A

40 Pco2

100 Po2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Arterial blood Po2 and Pco2 is measured to determine the health of what?

A

The lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Results from breathing 100% oxygen at above 2.5 atmospheres of pressure, radically increasing blood Po2:

A

Oxygen toxicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Oxygen toxicity results in what?

A

Damage the CNS from oxidation of enzymes. Coma and death.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Gas mixture (oxygen + inert gas) are used for what reason?

A

To avoid oxygen toxicity from pure O2 at >2.5 atm.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Toxicity felt in the depths, which jacques cousteau called “rapture of the deep” is medically referred to as?

A

Nitrogen Narcosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Nitrogen narcosis symptoms:

  • Cause:
  • Symptoms:
A
  • Cause:
    Very high Pn2 while under water
  • Symptoms:
    narcotic like state
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

A diver at depth for a sufficient period of time will have a high Pn2.

  • Slow rising?
  • Rapid rising?
A
  • Slow rising?
    Nitrogen is slowly lost from blood stream as the pressure decreases. Nitrogen remains in solution and concentrations fall.
  • Rapid rising?
    Nitrogen rapidly leaves solution, forming a gas in the vessels and causing gas emboli
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The bends:

  • Alternative name:
  • Cause:
  • Treatment:
A
  • Alternative name:
    Decompression sickness
  • Cause:
    N2 gas emboli (blood blocked small arteries)
  • Treatment:
    Hyperbaric oxygen chamber (increase pressure, drive nitrogen back into solution)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What sets the rhythm for diaphragm other muscles of respiration?

A 
The rhythmicity (respiratory)
 center of the medulla oblongata (unconscious control)
The cerebral cortex (conscious control of respiration)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Sensory information from the peripheral chemoreceptors is conveyed back to the rhythmicity (respiratory) center by which nerves?

A

Cranial nerve IX (glossopharyngeal)

Cranial nerve X (vagus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The rhythmicity (respiratory) center has intrinsic rhythmicity…

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q 
Effect of:
Hyperventilation:
- PO2 level:
- PCo2 level:
Hypoventilation:
- PO2 level:
- PCo2 level:
A 
Hyperventilation:
- PO2 level: increases
- PCo2 level: decreases
Hypoventilation:
- PO2 level: decreased
- PCo2 level: increases
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

When enzyme catalyzes this reaction in the blood?
What is its significance
CO2 + H2O -> H2CO3 -> H+ + HCO3-

A

Carbonic Anhydrase

CO2 levels rising will drop pH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Why is pH/CO2 used instead of oxygen as the measure O2 regulator?

  • During hyperventilation:
  • During hypoventilation:
A

CO2/pH will vary more and do so before O2 levels vary. Which means the body never need be oxygen deprived to know it needs to breath more or less.
- During hyperventilation:
O2 stays almost constant (due to high hemoglobin saturation), but CO2 increases significantly
- During hypoventilation:
O2 levels fall more slowly because it is stored in hemoglobin, but CO2 levels rapidly rise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What causes the newborn to take its first breath?

A

CO2 build up -> decreased pH -> peripheral or central chemoreceptors -> respiratory (rhythmicity) center -> breathing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Diaphragmatic nose breather:

A

Babies do this, breath mainly with the diaphragm

22
Q

Eucapnia:

A

Arterial CO2 of 40 mmHg

23
Q

Elevated CO2 levels are and are called:

Low Co2 levels are and are called:

A

> 45 mmHg, hypercapnia

< 35 hypocapnia

24
Q

Someone hyperventilates before swimming.
Blood hemoglobin is already saturated, so does not increase.
Blood CO2 levels drop, pH rises, the urge to breath decreases
Someone blacks out because they do not feel the need to breath

A

Shallow water blackout:

25
Q

How does peripheral chemoreceptor response differ from central chemoreceptor response?

A

Peripheral to pH changes in the blood. It’s response is IMMEDIATE.
the blood brain barrier is not permeable to H+, CO2 must diffuse into interstitial fluid, be converted to HCO3- + H+, increase interstitial pH for activation. SLOWER more longterm effect.

26
Q

Synopsis of response:

  • peripheral chemoreceptor:
  • central chemoreceptor:
A 
- peripheral chemoreceptor:
Faster (responds to plasma pH)
Smaller effect
Located in carotid and aortic bodies
- central chemoreceptor:
Slower (responds to interstitial fluid pH)
Larger effect
located in medulla oblongata
27
Q

Any increase in acid will decrease pH and stimulate hyperventilation. Name two such acids in the body:

A

Lactic acid

Ketone bodies

28
Q

Po2 fall as a breathing stimulus:

  • Strength:
  • What is it called:
A
  • Strength:
    weak stimulus
  • What is it called:
    hypoxic drive
29
Q

Cells in the carotid body which detect the changes in plasma pH

A

Glomus cells:

30
Q

effect on CO2 regulation:

  • Hypoxia (low Po2):
  • hyperoxia (elevated Po2):
A
  • Hypoxia (low Po2):
    increase sensitivity to pH changes
  • hyperoxia (elevated Po2):
    decreased sensitivity to pH changes
31
Q

Patients with emphysema (and other COPDs) are driven by Po2 levels instead of PCo2 levels:
- Why?

A

chronically high CO2 blunts the body to CO2 changes:
increased bicarbonate production in the choroid plexus, increased secretion into CSF.
increased buffer on CSF (and possibly blood) pH.
A large change in pH is needed to be detected, at least by the central chemoreceptor

32
Q

Patients with emphysema (and other COPDs) are driven by Po2 levels instead of PCo2 levels:
- This causes what when given oxygen?

A

Respiratory arrest

33
Q

Where is Po2 levels detected?

A

By the peripheral chemoreceptors

34
Q
  • How many subunits are in hemoglobin?

- How many hemoglobins are in a RBC?

A
  • How many subunits are in hemoglobin?
    2 beta, 2 alpha (4 oxygen molecules/hemes between them)
  • How many hemoglobins are in a RBC?
    280 million
35
Q

Oxyhemoglobin:

A

Hemes on erythrocytes with bound O2 to Fe2+

36
Q

deoxyhemoglobin:

  • Define:
  • Alternative Name:
  • Coloration:
A 
- Define:
Hemes on erythrocytes without bound O2 to Fe2+
- Alternative Name:
reduced hemoglobin
- Coloration:
Maroon
37
Q

Methemoglobin:

  • define:
  • Coloration:
A 
- define:
Fe3+ on hemes instead of Fe2+
Cannot bind oxygen because it lacks the e- which would normally bind it
- Coloration:
Bluish color
38
Q

Carboxyhemoglobin:

  • define:
  • Coloration:
A
  • define:
    hemoglobin bound to CO, the bond is 210 x stronger then the bond with O2.
  • Coloration:
    cranberry juice color
39
Q

Can a pulse oximeter differentiate from a oxihemoglobin and carboxyhemoglobin?

A

No it cannot.
Percentage oxygen saturation change:
smokers 2-4% lower
CO poisoning 20 - 40% lower

40
Q

Percent oxyhemoglobin at 100 mmHg:
Percent oxyhemoglobin at 40 mmHg:
Significance?

A

97%
75%
Only 22% of O2 is given in the tissues normally

41
Q

The amount of oxygen your blood and lungs can carry:

A

Oxygen carrying capacity

42
Q
  • Anemia:
  • Polycythemia
  • Effect on oxygen carrying capacity?
A 
- Anemia:
Low RBC
- Polycythemia
High RBC
- Effect on oxygen carrying capacity?
Think about it
43
Q

Red blood cell production is promoted by:

A

Erythropoietin

Androgens

44
Q

Binding of O2 to hemoglobin (occurs in lungs)
release of O2 from hemoglobin (occurs in systemic capillaries)
- driven by diffusion

A

Loading reaction:

Unloading reaction:

45
Q

Oxyhemoglobin disassociation curve shows what?

A

The percentage of hemoglobin saturation vs Po2 (mmHg)

- it is sigmoidal (changes between 40 - 20 mmHg results in large changes)

46
Q

How long can a person last without O2?

A

4-5 minutes without CPR

CPR recirculates residual oxygen

47
Q

Since percent hemaglobin saturation is based on Po2 how will oxygen affect it?

A

It will lower percent hemaglobin saturation (but not by much over small elevation changes)

48
Q

How much oxygen is unloaded in mild exercise:

How much oxygen is unloaded in heavy exercise:

A

97% -> 58% = 39% unloaded

97% -> ~20% = ~80% unloaded

49
Q

High pH (low CO2) effect on Oxygen dissociation curve?

A

Left shift, less oxygen is given to tissues

50
Q

Low pH (High CO2) effect on Oxygen dissociation curve?

A

Right shift, more oxygen is given to tissues

ADV. Human Phys (51 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions