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ADV. Human Phys > Test 4 Study Guide Part 6 > Flashcards

Test 4 Study Guide Part 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Macrophages:

  • Are called what in the bloodstream?
  • What do they do in inflammation?
A
  • Are called what in the bloodstream?
  • What do they do in inflammation?
    They ingest microrganism and ECM fragments
    Excrete Nitric oxide (vasodilator, destroy bacteria)
    Engulf remains of neutrophils
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2
Q

Phagocytosis of apoptotic neutrophils causes:

A

Macrophages to release growth factors and agents to stop inflammation and support repair.

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3
Q

NO has to functions:

A

Antibacterial

Vasodilator

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4
Q

B-lymphocyte involvement in inflammation:

A

Produce antibodies specific to antigenic determinants

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5
Q

Binding of antibodies to antigen:

A

Enhances non-specific response (due to antigen antibody complexes activating compliment system)
Act as opsonins

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6
Q

Process by which an organism is marked for phagocytosis

A

Opsinisation:

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7
Q

Opsonins:

  • name two:
  • what do they do?
A 
- name two:
Complement proteins
Antibodies
- what do they do?
mark for phagocytosis, they help make bridges between pathogen and immune cell. helps hold organism in place and allow it to be easier to phagocytose
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8
Q

What promotes pain in inflammation?

How does aspirin inhibit it?

A

Prostaglandin E2

Inhibition of cyclooxygenase stops prostaglandin production, reducing pain

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9
Q

COX-1, COX-2 stand for what?
What do that do?
What inhibits them?

A

Cycloxygenase-1, Cycloxygenase-2
Make prostaglandins
NSAIDs (including aspirin)

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10
Q

If infection from inflammation continues, what will be produced to promote fever?

A

Interluekin-1 (endogenous pyrogen)

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11
Q

Chronic inflammation can lead to:

A
  • Pulmonary disease:
  • Diabetes II:
  • Autoimmune disease:
  • Arthritis:
  • Neurological disease:
  • Alzheimer:
  • Cardiovascular disease:
  • Cancer:
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12
Q

Are B and T cells visually distinguishable?

A

No

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13
Q

Where does B-cell activation usually occur?

A

in the germinal center of a secondary lymphatic organ.

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14
Q

What does an activated B-cell do?

A

Replicate.

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15
Q

Activated b-cell progeny will become either:

A

Memory cell

Plasma cell

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16
Q

Plasma cells produce how many antibodies a second?

A

2000

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17
Q

Antibodies:

  • Alternative names:
  • Mechanism:
A 
- Alternative names:
Gamma globulins
Immunoglobulins
- Mechanism:
mark targets for destruction
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18
Q

IgG:

A

80% of antibody in plasma
Activates complement
Can cross placenta and leave the blood easily

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19
Q

IgA:

  • two forms:
  • Located
  • Does not:
A 
- two forms:
monomer
dimer
- Located
In body secretions (milk, saliva)
- Does not:
Activate compliment
Enter tissues
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20
Q

IgE:

A

Important in allergic (immediate hypersensitivity) reactions

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21
Q

for antibodies…
Stock the Y is called:
top of the Y is called:
Which region varies in order to bind the antigen?

A

Crystallizable fragment (Fc)

Antigen-binding fragment (Fab)

Fab

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22
Q

Antibody receptors:

A

Found on B-cells
Very specific to one antigen
Antigen can be a carbohydrate or protein
B-cells when activated will produce only one antibody

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23
Q

Two pathways for activation of compliment system:

A 
Classical pathway (faster. antibody-antigen complex by IgG or IgM)
Alternative pathway (bind to target on pathogen surface)
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24
Q

complement proteins attach to the cell membrane and destroy the victim cell.

A

Compliment fixation:

25
Q

Which compliment proteins stimulate mast cells to excrete histamine?
Which serve as chemokines macrophages for macrophages, neutrophils, monocytes and eosnophils?

A

C3a and C5a

C3a and C5a (does both)

26
Q

Membrane attack complex:

  • Formed by:
  • Mechanism of pathogen destruction:
A
  • Formed by:
    C5b, C6, C7, C8, C9
  • Mechanism of pathogen destruction:
    membrane attack complex is a pore in the cell. It causes osmotic influx of water, which lyses the pathogen
27
Q

What causes destruction of RBCs in a transfusion reaction and in hemolytic disease of the newborn?

A

Antigen-antibody complex -> Compliment fixation (compliment proteins kill them)

28
Q

the compliment fragments:

  • direct affects:
  • Affect as a result of other activations:
A
  • direct affects:
    Chemotaxis
    Opsinization
    Stimulate mast cells to release histamine
  • Affect as a result of other activations:
    Histamine release -> vasodilation of blood vessels, increased permeability -> more phagocytic cells come -> edema results from leakage of plasma protein into surrounding fluid
29
Q

Three types of effector T cells:

A

Cytotoxic (killer) T cells
Memory T cells
Regulatory T cells

30
Q

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an:

- Is targeted by:

A

Intracellular bacterium

Cell-mediated immunity

31
Q

Cytotoxic (killer) T cells:

  • Surface molecule:
  • Function:
A
  • Surface molecule:
    CD8
  • Function:
    Cell-mediated destruction of cells with intracellular parasites (requires physical contact)
32
Q

Cell-mediated destruction:

A

Process requiring physical proximity by which a cell kills another cell.
Perforin makes whole -> granzymes enter -> capsases activated (cell undergoes apoptosis and dies)

33
Q

Perforins:

A

Produced by cytotoxic T-cells, make a whole through which granzymes can enter.

34
Q

Granzymes:

A

Produced by cytotoxic T-cells, enter through perforin induced wholes, activate caspases

35
Q

Caspases:

A

Enzymes involved in the events of cell death. Activated by granzymes during cell-mediated destruction to cause a cell to kill itself.

36
Q 
- Test:
press of four tines into skin coated in acellular extract, old tuberculin
if HARD (inflammation) in 48-72 hours it is positive for tuberculosis
A

Tuberculin time test:

- Test:

37
Q
  • Test:
    Injection of purified protein derivative by needle
    if HARD (inflammation) in 48-72 hours it is positive for tuberculosis
A

Mantoux test:

- Test:

38
Q

Tuberculin time test and Mantoux test:

  • Predominant Immune cells:
  • Example of:
A
  • Predominant Immune cell:
    T- cell, cell mediated response
  • Example of:
    delayed hypersensitivity
39
Q

Helper T cells:

  • Surface molecule:
  • Function:
  • Which virus targets this specifically?
A
  • Surface molecule:
    CD4
  • Function:
    Improve B cell differentiation into plasma cells
    enhance ability of cytotoxic lymphocytes to mount cell-mediated immune response
  • Which virus targets this specifically?
    HIV is specific to CD4
40
Q

Helper T cells perform their function how?

A 
Secrete lymphokines (type of cytokine).
E.G. interleukin-2 is a cytokine which aids killer T lymphocyte response
41
Q

Regulatory T cells (Ts):

  • Function:
  • How?
A
  • Function:
    Immune suppression to prevent inappropriate immune responses
  • How?
    Not completely understood.
    Requires close proximity (maybe physical contact) between Ts and target.
    Cytokines necessary
42
Q

What can result from inadequate regulatory T cell function?

A

Autoimmune disease

Allergies

43
Q

Lymphokine:

A

Autocrine (type of cytokine that effect the cell type which excretes them) of a lymphocyte.

44
Q

Naming conventions for lymphokines:

A

Interleukin-#, where numbers are assigned in chronological order after the sequence of amino acids is known

45
Q

Interleukin-1 (IL-1):

A

Induces proliferation and activation of T-lymphocytes

Endogenous Pyrogen

46
Q

Interleukin-2 (IL-2):

A

Induces proliferation of activated of T-lymphocytes

47
Q

Interleukin-4 (IL-4):

A

Stimulates proliferation of activated B cells
promotes IgE antibody production
increases cytotoxic t cell activity

48
Q

Interleukin-5 (IL-5):

A

induces activation of cytotoxic t cell
promotes eosinophil differentiation
Chemokine for eosinophils

49
Q

T cell receptor proteins for antigens:

A

Recognize only proteins
Can only bind antigens presented on a MHC (Major histocompatabillity complex) by a antigen presenting cell (often macrophages and dendrites)

50
Q

What are the dendritic cells of the epidermis:

- How much of the epidermis do they take up?

A

Langerhans
- How much of the epidermis do they take up?
3 - 5 % of all cells in the epidermis

51
Q

Why do T-cells only respond to antigens on an MHC?

A

It’s protective. It means T-cells can only respond against antigen presenting cell approved antigens

52
Q

How do antigen presenting cells achieve activation of T lymphocytes?

A

Activated antigen presenting cells migrate through lymphatic vessels, to secondary lymphoid organs.
They produce chemokines to attract T-lymphocytes

53
Q

Activated T cells make:

A

Effector T cells first.

Then memory T cells

54
Q

Tissue Typing:

A

Identify all histocompatibility antigens being displayed by a cell. If it is displaying radically different things then the host cells are graft rejection is going to go down hard.

55
Q

Histocompatibility antigens:

A

A part of the MHC. They are proteins that are found within the cell (either naturally or after phagocytosis by an immune cell), This is the antigen checked by the T cells

56
Q

Histocompatibility antigens are called what in humans?

Why?

A

Human leukocyte antigens (HLAs). This is because they used to tissue type WBCs, and so named histocompatibility antigens off of the cell they typed.
These are coded for by a region of genes, known as the major histocompatibility complex located on chromosome 6.

57
Q

MHC is both a set of genes, the MHC genes, and the molecule produced by these genes when they conglomerate.

A

True

58
Q

Class 1 MHC molecules (MHC-1):

  • Found on what cells?
  • Present what?
A
  • Present by what cells?
    All but RBCs (all nucleated)
  • Present what?
    Internal proteins, usually self antigens unless invaded
59
Q

Class 2 MHC molecules (MHC-2):

  • Found on what cells?
  • Present what?
  • Present to what cells?
A
  • Found on what cells?
    Only antigen presenting cells (Macrophages, Dendritic cells, and B cells)
  • Present what?
    Their class-2 MHC molecules together with foreign antigen found by ENDOCYTOSIS
  • Present to what cells?
    T cells

ADV. Human Phys (51 decks)

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