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ADV. Human Phys > Test 5 Study Guide Part 5 > Flashcards

Test 5 Study Guide Part 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Incontinence:

  • Paraplegics:
  • Treatment:
A

Inability to control bladder and poop production
- Paraplegics:
Cannot control external sphincter, incontinent
- Treatment:
Urinary catheter (Foley catheter)

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2
Q

Urination:

- Alternative Name:

A
  • Alternative Name:

Micturition

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3
Q

The guarding reflex:

A

Controlled by spinal cord
Parasympathetic nerves of the detrusor inhibited.
Somatic nerves to external sphincter stimulated

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4
Q

The voiding reflex:

A

Stretch receptors stimulated in bladder ->
pons micturition center is stimulated ->
Parasympathetic nerves to detrusor activated, internal sphincter relaxed ->
feels urge to pee

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5
Q

Somatic neurons which innervate the external sphincter

A

Pudendal nerve:

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6
Q

Higher brain regions (cerebral cortex) affect on urination:

A

Inhibits the micturition center of the pons.
Decision to urinate -> relax inhibition of pons (activate micturition center) -> sensory stretch information from bladder can now activate micturition center -> pudendal nerve inhibited -> parasympathetic nerve to detrusor is activated -> voiding of urine

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7
Q

Collection bags for urinary catheters should be higher or lower than the patient?

A

Lower, so urine doesn’t flow backwards

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8
Q

Afferent means:

A

Towards the center of activity

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9
Q

How does blood reach the nephron?

A

Renal Artery -> afferent arterioles

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10
Q

Efferent Arteriole:

A

Drains the glomerular capillaries, brings to the peritubular capillaries

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11
Q

Is blood flow in the kidneys a portal?

A

No, because an arterial not a venule drains one capillary to the next

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12
Q

Blood flow to and through the kidney’s

A

Renal artery -> interlobar arteries (pass between pyramids) -> arcuate arteries (pass over pyramids) -> interlobular arteries -> afferent arterioles -> glomerulus -> efferent arterioles -> peritubular capillaries -> renal venules -> interlobular veins -> arcuate venules -> interlobar venules -> renal vein

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13
Q

peritubular capillaries:

- Function:

A
  • Function:

Allows blood TAKE back nutrients from the filtrate in tubules or ADD

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14
Q

Tubular network of the nephron, all names:

A

Glomerular capsule -> proximal convoluted tubule -> descending limb of loop of henle -> ascending limb of loop of henle -> distal convoluted tubule -> collecting duct

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15
Q

Renal corpuscle:

A

Glomerulus

Glomerular (bowman’s) capsule

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16
Q

Glomerular capsule/bowman’s capsule:

A

channels it into the proximal tubule, helps to filter.

Two layers, the space between these layers is continuous with the lumen of the proximal convoluted tubules

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17
Q

Proximal tubules epithelial cells:

  • Distinctive features:
  • Function:
A 
- Distinctive features:
Brush border
lots of mitochondria
- Function:
Active transport of molecules from the lumen, to the peritubular capillary network
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18
Q

Two types of nephrons and positions:

A

Juxtamedullary nephrons, lower 1/3 of cortex, descend into medulla:
Cortical nephrons, upper two thirds:

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19
Q

Endothelial cells glomerular capillaries fenestration:

A

large pores, prevent RBCs, WBCs and platelets from crossing but not proteins

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20
Q

Glomerular basement membrane:

A

Collagen IV and proteoglycans

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21
Q

Alport’s syndrome:

A

A defect in the collagen IV glomerular basement membrane, produces unusually thick membrane

22
Q

Octopus like cells which coat the glomerular capillaries.

A

Podocytes:

23
Q

Branching within podocytes:

A

Primary processes sprout into foot processes (which interdigitate)

24
Q

Interdigitate:

A

Interlace, like a ziper or fingers

25
Q

Slit diaphragm:

A

Slits between the foot processes of a podocyte. Very small, stop protein

26
Q

Three filters plasma must pass through to become filtrate (in order) and mechanism for protein filtration:

A

Fenestrated endothelium of capillaries:
- Negative charge around pores, pushes away some protein
Glomerular basement membrane:
- Smaller, some barrier to protein
Slit membrane of podocytes:
- Stops protein from entering, very tight

27
Q

Proteinurea results because:

A

More protein leaks through the slit diaphragm then can be pumped back by the proximal tubules

28
Q

Does protein enter the proximal tubules?

A

Yes, it is pumped back their by active transport

29
Q

What drive glomerular filtration?

A

Ventricular systole

30
Q

Hypotension has what effect on glomerular filtration?

What might cause this hypotension?

A

Decreases it, increasing toxin levels in blood

Dehydration

31
Q

What opposes the force of the ventricular force on glomerular filtration?

A

Hydrostatic pressure in the bowman’s capsule.

Does not completely oppose it. 10mmHg left over

32
Q

What is the glomerular filtration rate:

A

The rate at which you produce urine (125 ml per minute) 45 gallons in a day!

33
Q

How long does it take to filtrate our total blood volume?

A

40 minutes

34
Q

What forces produce glomerular filtrate?

A

The same forces that work in other capillary beds

35
Q

Extrinsic regulation of blood flow:

- Forms of it:

A 
- Forms of it:
Sympathetic innervation (fight or flight)
36
Q

Obligatory water loss:

  • Why?
  • kind of related: what is the maximal water loss from
A

400 mls a day lost in urine. We cannot stop this.
- Why?
Collecting tubule can only concentrate to 1200 mOsm (the osmolality of the renal medulla)
- kind of related: what is the maximal water loss from
23 L in a day

37
Q

Osmolality of filtrate is:

A

300 mOsm

38
Q

Water and solute reabsorption in the proximal tubule:

  • How?
  • How much?
  • How Quickly?
  • Enters at ____ mOsm leaves at ____.
A 
- How?
Na+ ATPase pump moves Na out of filtrate.
Cl- follows to balance charges
Water follows by osmosis
- How much?
65%
- How Quickly?
Immediately (fast)
- Enters at \_\_\_\_ mOsm leaves at \_\_\_\_.
300
300
39
Q

Water and solute reabsorption in the descending loop:

  • Is impermeable to?
  • How?
  • How much?
  • Enters at ____ mOsm leaves at ____.
A 
- Is impermeable to?
Na+
- How?
Impermeable to Na -> renal medulla hyperosmotic -> H20 flows out -> water flows into capillaries
- How much?
20%
- Enters at \_\_\_\_ mOsm leaves at \_\_\_\_.
300
1200
40
Q

Water and solute reabsorption in the ascending loop:

  • Permeable to water?
  • How is salt excreted?
  • Enters at ____ mOsm leaves at ____.
  • Salt excretion accomplishes what?
A 
- Permeable to water?
no
- How is salt excreted?
1 Na+ moves down electrochemical gradient into cells -> 1 K+ and 2Cl- follow passively -> Na+/K+ antiporter pumps Na+ out, and K+ in -> Cl- follows by electrical attraction -> K+ diffuses passively back into the filtrate and the interstitial space
- Enters at \_\_\_\_ mOsm leaves at \_\_\_\_.
1200
100
- Salt excretion accomplishes what?
Increases osmolality of the renal medulla
41
Q

What is the purpose of concentrating salt in the renal medulla?

A

It allows water to be excreted to control concentration urine

42
Q

Water and solute reabsorption in the collecting duct:

  • ADH:
  • Where does water absorption vary?
A
  • ADH:
    ADH binds receptor -> cAMP increases -> aquaporins “exocytose” -> water can diffuse out -> collecting duct enters the high osmolarity of the renal medulla, drawing water out of the filtrate into you
  • Where does water absorption vary?
    Here in the collecting ducts.
43
Q

Where are aquaporins produced and how do they reach the membrane:

A

Rough ER -> golgi apparatus -> exocytosis

44
Q

Beer and ADH:

A

Decreased ADH, large amounts of dilute urine

45
Q

Reduced blood volume from blood loss will cause what in the hypothalamus?

A

Desire for thirst

46
Q

Osmotic diuresis:

  • Define:
  • Example:
A 
- Define:
loss of water because of loss of high levels of salt, which water follows osmotically, increasing urine.
- Example:
Drinking sea water
Diabetes mellitus
47
Q

Renal Clearance:

- Equals:

A
  • Equals:

Amount in glomerular filtrate - amount reabsorbed + amount secreted

48
Q

Form of active transport which removes ions and particles to plasma from filtrate

A

Selective Reabsorption:

49
Q

Form of active transport in which adds ions and particles to filtrate from plasma

A

Selective Secretion:

50
Q

Xenobiotics are removed actively by:

A

Selective Secretion

ADV. Human Phys (51 decks)

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