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ADV. Human Phys > Test 3 repro revealed > Flashcards

Test 3 repro revealed Flashcards

1
Q

What do fimbriae do? Why are they called fimbriea?

A

Fimbriae act as a catcher’s mit to catch the egg.

Fimbriae means fringe

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2
Q

What are the three layers of the uterus called?

A

Perimetrium:
Myometrium:
Endometrium:

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3
Q

Metruim meaning:

A

of or relating to the uterus

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4
Q

What are the three layers of the uterus called?

A

Perimetrium:
Myometrium: muscles for contraction
Endometrium: A portion of this sluffs off during periods

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5
Q

Two layers of the endometrium:

A

stratum functionale:

stratum basale:

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6
Q

What is the problem with old ovas in females?

A

They have an increased chance of down syndrome developing (especially after age 40)

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7
Q

At what point does oogenesis pause in early fetal development?

A

During meiosis one (prophase 1)

These are called primary oocytes

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8
Q

Primary follicles encapsulate what?

A

Primary oocytes

It is very well name

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9
Q

Are new primary follicles generated?

A

Its possible. It’s controversial in the literature

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10
Q

What marks the transition of a primary follicle to a secondary follicle?

A

LH stimulates a proliferation of the granulosa cells.

Vesicles form around the oocyte

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11
Q

What marks the transition from a secondary follicle to a mature follicle?
What is another name for a mature follicle?

A

The vesicles of the secondary oocyte merge in order to form an antrum.
Graafian follicle.

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12
Q

Explain when the meiotic divisions of oocytes occur:

A

The first division pauses at prophase one.
During follicular development it pauses again. This time in meiosis two. Meiosis one is completed and forms a polar body.
Fertilization is necessary for the divisions to continue.

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13
Q

Name two structures the granulosa cells form and their functions:

A

Cumulus oophorus:
- surrounds oocytes in the antrum of the follicle. Anchors the oocyte to the granulosa cells of the follicle
Corona Radiata:
- Innermost layer of the cumulus oophurus

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14
Q

What forms the zona pellucida:

A

Proteins and polysaccharides

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15
Q

What are the theca cells?

A

The theca cells make up the outermost layer of the follicle

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16
Q

What is analogous to leydig cells in the female?

A

The theca cells are analogous to the leydig cells. The theca cells produce testosterone in response to LH.

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17
Q

If the theca cells produce testosterone where does estradiol come from?

A

Estradiol is produced by aromatase in the granulosa cells.

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18
Q

Tresia:

A

Perforation

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19
Q

Follicle Atresia:

  • What is it:
  • Why does it occur?
A

Degradation of all follicles except for the first (which matures into a graffian follicle) lack of perforation (the follicle does not rupture).

Gonadotropins (FSH and LH), as well as various paracrine regulators and estrogen act to protect the follicles from atresia.
Paracrine regulators that include androgens and FAS ligand promote atresia of follicles. (FAS promotes apoptosis)

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20
Q

Oocyte release from the ovarian follicles:

  • What layers surround the oocyte?
  • What is the stage of oocyte released?
  • What cavity is the oocyte released in?
A 
- What layers surround the oocyte?
Outer: corona radiata (radiant crown)
Inner: zona pellucida
- What is the stage of oocyte released?
Secondary oocyte
- What cavity is the oocyte released in?
Peritoneal cavity
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21
Q

What happens post release of the oocyte?

A

If it is not fertilized it will degrade a few days (maybe just one!)
If fertilized, it will finish meiosis two and release another polar body.

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22
Q

What happens to the follicle which released the oocyte?

A

It becomes the corpus luteum [yellow body] (secretes estradiol and progesterone).
It will later become non functional corpus albicans if the egg is not fertilized

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23
Q

What GnRH controls the release of both LH and FSH and yet FSH secretion is slightly greater than LH at one point, and LH is notably greater than FSH right before ovulation. Explain:

A

It is believed to be affected by:
- Negative feedback inhibition from ovarian sex steroids which change GnRH amounts secreted, the pulse frequency, and the ability of anterior pituitary cells to secrete FSH and LH>

24
Q

How does an estrous cycle differ from a menstrual cycle in terms of:

  • Animals affected:
  • Disposal of stratum functionale of the endometrium:
  • Sexual activity:
A
  • Animals affected:
    Human (some monkeys) menstrual)
  • Disposal of stratum functionale of the endometrium:
    Humans: shed through bleeding
    Most animals: reabsorbed
  • Sexual activity:
    Most animals: female receptive to sexual activity during heat (only around ovulation)
    Humans: sexual activity at any time during cycle
25
Q

How does bleeding during estrous cycles differ between humans and dogs?

A

dogs bleed due to high estrogen not shedding the stratum functionale.
Humans shed when estrogen drops.

26
Q

What marks day one of the menstrual cycle?
What does a ‘normal’ female cycle look like?
Which phase, follicular or luteal is more variable in length?

A

first day of bleeding first day of cycle.
follicle develops from day 1 -> 14 when ovulation occurs (follicular phase). From day 14 onwards the corpus luteum will take the next 14 days to decay (if not fertilized), this is the (luteal phase).
Luteal phase varies least.

27
Q

What are the phase names associated with endometrial thickness?

A

Menstrual (day 1 - 4): by definition day one. Loss of stratum functionale
Proliferative (day 4 - 14) when the follicles proliferate (though this happens through the entire follicular phase [day 1 - 14])
Ovulation (day 14):
Secretory phase (day 14 - 28): when the corpus luteum secreted progesterone to maintain and grow the corpus functionale

28
Q

Menstrual phase:

  • Day span
  • Ovarian hormone state:
  • Follicular state:
A 
- Day span
1 - 4 days (sometimes 5)
- Ovarian hormone state:
Lowest
- Follicular state:
Primary and primordial only
29
Q

What causes growth of the follicle?

A

FSH

30
Q

Estrogen (estradiol surge):

  • Effect on hypothalamus?
  • Effect on pituitary?
  • What day does it peak?
  • What is it associated with?
A 
- Effect on hypothalamus?
Increases the frequency of GnRH pulses
- Effect on pituitary?
Augments the ability of pituitary to produce an LH surge.
- What day does it peak?
day 12
- What is it associated with?
Increased labido
31
Q

FSH (during the follicular phase):

  • Stimulates what:
  • feedback loop:
A
  • Stimulates what:
    Growth of the follicle, production of estrogen, and increases number of FSH receptors on granulosa cells
  • feedback loop:
    FSH stimulates the production of new FSH receptors in the granulosa cells (causing increased estrogen production). Estrogen in turn causes increased numbers of FSH receptors. This results in additional stimulation, and additional estradiol production despite no increase FSH production
32
Q

LH surge:

  • Begins:
  • What causes it to peak?
  • What terminates it?
A
  • Begins:
    24 hours before ovulation
  • What causes it to peak?
    Estradiol increases (due to FSH) which in turn causes increased surge of GnRH and increased production of LH. (a positive feedback of estradiol on the pituitary)
  • What terminates it?
    it triggers ovulation (lyses the graffian follicle which FSH grew)
33
Q

What causes the FSH surge?

A

GnRH stimulates both FSH and LH production.

34
Q

Mittelschmerz:

A

German for middle pain.
This pain is associated with either the right or left side (depending on which ovary ovulated)
Occurs during the mid cycle (day 14)

35
Q

What stimulates the empty follicle to become the corpus luteum?

A

LH

36
Q

What does the corpus luteum excrete?

A

Estradiol and progesterone

possibly inhibin

37
Q

How does a female determine when she ovulates?

A

Because the luteal phase is the most stable, you count backwards ~14 days from the first day of menstrual bleeding and if the cycle is fairly stable, you can predict the time of future ovulation.

38
Q

Why is FSH and LH secretion inhibited in the luteal/secretory phase?

A

To prevent multiple ovulations (and multiple pregnancies) on succeeding days of the cycle.
If you get pregnant with three babies that’s not good for you.

39
Q

What inhibits FSH and LH in the luteal/secretory phase?

A

Progesterone, Inhibin, and Estradiol

40
Q

What allows new follicles to develop at the end of a cycle?

A

The corpus luteum is slowly degraded by prostaglandin F2alpha (into the corpus albicans)
This stops estradiol, inhibin and progesterone production, which stops inhibition of LH and FSH production, and so we see more follicles develop

41
Q

What prevents breakdown of corpus luteum in pregnancy?

A

High levels of LH

42
Q

What causes the onset of the menstrual bleeding?

A

The stratum functionale of the endometrium sheds in response to dropping of estrogen and progesterone levels (Note: this is the hormone change happening during this time, so it is likely the cause)
** Estrogen causes maintenance of the stratum functionale endometrium, and increase **

43
Q

Proliferative phase:

  • Is ruled by what hormone?
  • What happens to the stratum functionale of the endometrium?
A

Estrogen increases (as the follicle grows) and causes proliferation of the stratum functionale

44
Q

Secretory Phase:

  • Is ruled by what hormone?
  • What happens to the stratum functionale of the endometrium?
A

Progesterone and estradiol from the corpus luteum cause endometrium to be thick and spongy and the glands to be engorged with glycogen (in preparation to accept an embryo)

45
Q

Meunstral Phase:

  • Is ruled by what hormone?
  • What happens to the stratum functionale of the endometrium?
A

A fall in progesterone and estradiol as the corpus luteum is degraded (by prostaglandin F2alpha). The spiral arteries constrict, and deny blood to the stratum functionale, causing it to fall off. The spiral arteries also provide the blood for bleeding in general.

46
Q

What are the systemic symptoms of hormone changes for women?

A

Nausea, vomiting, headache, water retention, menstrual cramps (contraction of smooth muscles of the uterus)

47
Q

What happens to the vaginal epithelium as a result of high estrodiol?
Why may this occur?

A

Cornification (upper layers of the vaginal epithelium die and become keratin)
This may help to be a protective barrier against sex, and contamination from sex

48
Q

Spinnbarkeit:

  • What hormone causes it?
  • What is it?
  • How can it be used?
A
  • What hormone causes it?
    High levels of Estrogen cause Spinnbarkeit formation.
  • What is it?
    It is a highly stretchy mucous. Channels in the Spinnbarkeit help to guide sperm towards/through the cervix
  • How can it be used?
    Because Spinnbarkeit aligns with high levels of estrogen and fertility, it can be used to tell when would or would not be a good time to have sex.
49
Q

What effect does progesterone have on the cervix?

A

It causes the mucous to become more thick. It becomes less permeable to sperm, and less permeable to bacteria. It essentially provides a barrier for during the secretory phase.

50
Q

Estrogen and inhibin have what effect on the hypothalamus and pituitary?

A

Negative feedback

51
Q

Dormitory effect:

A

Pheromones released can cause synchronization of the menstrual cycles of females in close proximity
Theoretical advantage:
- It would stop one male from impregnating all women in a group, and it could promote genetic diversity

52
Q

Vomeronasal organ (VNO):

A

Detects pheromones. The vomeronasal organ in what synchronizes hormone cycles

53
Q

How does the limbic system effect the menstrual cycle?

A

Neurons extend from the limbic system to the GnRH releasing portions of the hypothalamus. Stress can delay or halt a menstrual cycle

54
Q

Amenorrhea:

A

The abnormal absence of menstruation

55
Q

Thinness and athleticism has what effect on menstrual cycles?
Why is this?
What is this called?

A

It can cause a delayed cycle or a cessation of menstrual cycle (amenorrhea).
Adipose tissue indirectly stimulates GnRH (fat promotes menstruation cycle). If fat is absent the female can likely not host a pregnancy and so the period is delayed.
Functional amenorrhea.

ADV. Human Phys (51 decks)

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