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ADV. Human Phys > Test 4 Reproduction Revealed > Flashcards

Test 4 Reproduction Revealed Flashcards

1
Q

Oral Contraceptives:

  • Contain what:
  • What does it mimic?
A 
- Contain what:
Synthetic progesterone
Synthetic estrogen
- What does it mimic?
High levels of estrogen and progesterone mimic the luteal phase, the woman is extensively on an extended luteal phase
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2
Q

Changes in tip of cervix during the cycle (natural family planning).

A

Tip of cervix rises upward near the time of ovulation.
Also becomes softer near ovulation.
Cervical diameter increases.

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3
Q

Changes in tip of cervix during the cycle (natural family planning).

A

Tip of cervix rises upward near the time of ovulation.
Also becomes softer near ovulation.
Cervical diameter increases.

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4
Q

Effect of synthetic estrogen and progesterone on stratum functionale?
- How is this dealt with?

A

They cause it to over grow.
- How is this dealt with?
Take contraceptives for 3 weeks, then take sugar pills for one week, to allow it to shed.

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5
Q

Adverse effects of earlier birth control pills:

A

Blood clot
Pulmonary embolism
Deep vein thrombosis
Stroke

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6
Q

What has helped to reduce adverse effects of birth control pills?

A

Progestogens, which are analogous of progesterone.

  • These have some beneficial effects including: decreased risk of endometrial and ovarian cancer, reduction of osteoporosis
  • Increased risk of breast cancer and possibl1y cervical cancer
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7
Q

What is the advantage of using a transdermal patch or the vaginal ring versus oral contraception?

A

You drug does not have to go through the liver immediately after entering the body (hepatic portal), so more of it survives

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8
Q

IUD stands for (it’s a long acting reversible device):

  • Safety rate:
  • How it works:
A 
Intra uterine device:
- Safety rate:
Highest possible
- How it works:
Alter environment of uterus so fertilization does not occur. Implantation cannot take place. (some release hormones as well)
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9
Q 
Subcutaneous implants (it's a long acting reversible device):
- Safety rate:
A
  • Safety rate:

Very high

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10
Q

Rhythm method:

A

Uses basal body temperature

Ineffective.

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11
Q

Basal body temperature:

  • Theory:
  • Issue:
A
  • Theory:
    Slight drop of body temperature on day of ovulation.
    Light increase of temperature due to progesterone increase after ovulation.
    These are measured and used to map when its safe to have sex
  • Issue:
    There is so much variation it is ineffective to predict.
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12
Q

Basal body temperature (rhythm method):

  • Theory:
  • Issue:
A
  • Theory:
    Slight drop of body temperature on day of ovulation.
    Light increase of temperature due to progesterone increase after ovulation.
    These are measured and used to map when its safe to have sex
  • Issue:
    There is so much variation it is ineffective to predict.
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13
Q

Honeymoon phase in natural planning means:

A

Sex a few days after ovulation, when its safe.

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14
Q

Diaphragm:

A

Inserted two hours before sex, coated with spermicidal jelly or cream. Must be left in for 6 hours after sexual relations.

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15
Q

Cervical cap:

A

Fits over the tip of cervix, must have spermicidal jelly or cream.

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16
Q

Barrier methods:

  • Examples:
  • Why are they often preferred?
  • What is their disadvantage?
A 
- Examples:
Male condom
Female condom
- Why are they often preferred?
Can help stop spread of STDs
- What is their disadvantage?
They can slip off
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17
Q

Contraceptive Vaccines:

A

Some that could target hCG (where off eventually)

Some that can target sperm

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18
Q

Cutting and sealing the oviducts/fallopian tubes

A

Tubal ligation:

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19
Q

Menopause:

  • Occurs:
  • Reason:
  • Hormonal shift
A
  • Occurs:
    ~ 50
  • Reason:
    the female runs out of oocytes, no more follicle formation
    Ovariectomy
  • Hormonal shift
    Loss of estradiol and inhibin production in ovaries.
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20
Q

Estrone:

  • Formation:
  • Significance in menopause:
A
  • Formation:
    Estrone is formed from weak androgens such as androstenedione and dehydroepiandosterone (DHEA)
  • Significance in menopause:
    Only estrogen (it’s a weak estrogen) left in females
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21
Q

Fat correlates with increased estrogen production, why?

A

Estrone is produced from DHEA (dehydroepiandosterone) and androstenedione

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22
Q

Symptoms of estradiol loss in menopause results in what symptoms?

A

Vasomotor disturbances
Urogenital atrophy
Vasomotor disturbances produce the “hot flashes”
Atrophy of urethra, vaginal wall, and vaginal glands. Loss of lubrication
Increased risk of ahterosclerotic cardiovascular disease
increased progression of osteoporosis

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23
Q

Where are sperm stored?

A

Epididymis and the nearby portion of the vas deferens

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24
Q

Why is such a high volume of sperm utilized?

A

Because only 10% achieve capacitance, and only 100 make it into each fallopian tube

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25
Q

Capacitation:

A

The ability of the sperm to fertilize an ovum

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26
Q

pH of the:
Vas deferens:
Vagina:
Cervical mucous:

A

Vas deferens: below 6.5
Vagina: ~4
Cervical mucous: 9

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27
Q

What allows increased mobility of the sperm in the female reproductive system?

A

High pH +excrusion of H+ (in exchange from Na+) -> raises pH of the sperm cytoplasm -> activates dynein of the flagellum.

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28
Q

Dynein proteins:

A

ATPase which moves across microtubules, can carry cargo, or power flagella

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29
Q

CatSper:

A

Cationic Channel of Sperm
Ca2+ channels which are activated by rise in intracellular pH.
Ca2+ rise causes hyperactivation, with more flagellar movement and more sperm movement
Progestorone activated as well!

30
Q

What systems guides sperms towards the ovum?

A

Thermotaxis (guides to fallopean tubes)

Chemotaxis (close range, guides to ovum)

31
Q

What oocyte is released in ovulation?

A

Secondary oocyte.

32
Q

Describe progesterone and early binding of sperm:

A

Sperm bind to carbohydrates and glycoproteins of zona pellucida
Binding puts them in close proximity to progesterone, which rapidly activates the CatSper channels in the sperm HEAD

33
Q

Progesterone effect on sperm appears to rapid for the normal genomic action of steroids suggesting:

A

May involve binding of progesterone to CatSper channels

34
Q

The increase of Ca2+ from progesterone binding causes:

A

Acrosomal reaction

35
Q

Acrosomal reaction:

A

Progressive fusion of the acrosomal membrane with the plasma membrane, releasing enzymes through pores and exocytosis.
Progesterone -> Cation Channels of Sperm activation -> high Ca2+ -> acrosomal reaction -> release of hyaluronidase and proteases -> membranes fuse -> Ca2+ wave

36
Q

Hyaluronidase:

A

Digests hyaluronic acid, a constituent of the ECM.
Allows sperm to eat through the zona pellucida as part of the acrosomal reaction

hyaluronidate (hyalurinidase) eating through the glue/acid to allow fertilization

37
Q

What second messenger does fertilization act through?

What does it cause?

A

inositol triphosphate

A rise in cytoplasmic Ca2+, which spreads across the egg in a Ca2+ wave

38
Q

The Ca2+ wave does what?

A

Causes multiple structural and metabolic changes.

  • Prevents other sperm from fertilizing (polyspermy)
  • Initializes the second meiotic division (from metaphase II)
39
Q

Monozygotic Twins:

Dizygotic Twins:

A 
Identical twins (one zygote which splits)
(Fraternal Twins) Two different eggs are from two different sperm fertilizing two different eggs
40
Q

What in addition to nuclear DNA does the sperm contribute?

A

Centrosome!

41
Q

What happens to paternal mitochondria?

A

They are phagocytosed

42
Q

How long does the oocyte last if it is not fertilized?
How long do the sperm survive in the female reproductive tract?
What is the length of the window for fertility?

A

12 - 24 hours
3 days
~4 days

43
Q

How long does the first nuclear division take?

A

30 - 36 hours

44
Q

Which stage of the embryo enters the uterus?

A

Day 4
Morula (32 - 64 cells)
All other stages are in the fallopian tubes

45
Q

Morula:

A

A round hollow ball with 32 - 64 cells.
This is the stage which enters the uterus
Day 4

46
Q

Blastocyst:

A

Inner cell mass and a hollow outer layer (chorion)

Morula -> blastocyst

47
Q

Chorion:

  • Cells which compose it:
  • Becomes:
A
  • Cells which compose it:
    Trophoblast
  • Becomes:
    The fetal component of the placenta
48
Q

Inner cell mass becomes

A

The fetus

49
Q

what happens on the 6th day after fertilization?

A

Implantation (Nidation) begins (does not finish)

The blastocyst attaches to the uterine wall, with the inner cell mass towards the uterus

50
Q

Implantation:

  • How is it achieved?
  • How long does it take?
  • Other name:
A 
- How is it achieved?
trophoblast produces enzymes which allow penetration of the endometrium
- How long does it take?
from day 6 -> day 7 or 10
- Other name:
Nidation
51
Q

What is the predominant cause of lost pregnancies?

A

failure of implantation.
75% of all lost pregnancies occur here
- These are not even considered pregnancies

52
Q

If implantation occurs the fall of progesterone and estrogen which signal menstruation to begin must be prevented. How?

A

Blastocyst secretes hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)

53
Q

Human chorionic gonadotropin:

  • Does what?
  • Is secreted for how long?
  • Is replaced by what?
A
  • Does what?
    Identical to LH, causes corpus luteum to secrete progesterone and estrogen
  • Is secreted for how long?
    10 weeks (starts to decline then)
  • Is replaced by what?
    The placenta begins to secrete progesterone and estrogen
54
Q

When does the corpus luteum begin to regress?

A

~6 weeks

but the placenta now maintains the endometrium

55
Q

Between day 7 - 12 the chorion forms two layers:

A 
Cytotrophoblast layer (inner)
Syncytiotrophoblast layer (outer)
56
Q

Between day 7 - 12 the inner cell mass also forms two layers:

A

The germinal disk forms (two layers)
the ectoderm, is next to the amniotic cavity
the endoderm, is next to the yolk sack
The mesoderm does not yet exist, but will lie in the middle

57
Q

Mesoderm:

A

Will appear between the two layers of the germinal disk

58
Q

Invasion of uterine walls:

  • Syncytiotrophoblast:
  • Uterine reaction:
  • Cytotrophoblast:
A
  • Syncytiotrophoblast:
    Secretes protein digestiv enzymes
  • Uterine reaction:
    Builds blood filled cavities where digested
  • Cytotrophoblast:
    Sends projections, called chorion frondusum into the walls
59
Q

Chorion frondusum:

A

Villi from the cytotrophoblast which grow towards the venous blood pooling in the uterus

60
Q

Why is the uterus not attacked?

A

Suppression of the maternal immune system

FAS ligand kills T-cells targeting the placenta

61
Q

What do the unique natural killer cells of the pregnant uterus do?

A

Remodel the spiral arteries to aid in the perfusion of the the placenta with blood.
Failure can result in preclampsia

62
Q

Decidual reaction:

A

Endometrial growth

Accumulation of glycogen

63
Q

What does the placenta consist of?

A

The Decidua basalis (tissue in contant with chorion frondosum
Chorion frondosum

64
Q

Amnion:

A

The inner layer, it runs inferior to the chorion

65
Q

How is blood flow sent to fetus?

A

Remodeling of spiral arteries lowers resistance.

These tubes are lined with cytotrophoblasts

66
Q

The amniotic fluid is composed of:

A

Isotonic secretion, urine from fetus, and cells from placenta, fetus, and amniotic sack.

67
Q

Amniocentesis:

  • Define:
  • When is it performed:
A
  • Define:
    Needle stuck into amniotic sack. Genotyped. (tells genotype of fetus)
  • When is it performed:
    day 16
68
Q

Fetal ultrasound:

A

Used to identify physical deformities

69
Q

Natural Family Planning tests:

A

Spinnbarkeit (stretching cervical mucous near ovulation)
Mittelshmertz (pain from ovulating)
basal body temperature
rise and lowering of the cervix (rises and softens near ovulation)
Mood changes and labido

70
Q

Shot’s for birth control contain what?

A

Medroxyprogesterone acetate

ADV. Human Phys (51 decks)

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