7 Immunisation and infection control Flashcards Preview

Clinical Pathology > 7 Immunisation and infection control > Flashcards

Flashcards in 7 Immunisation and infection control Deck (28)
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1
Q

What are our non-specific immune defences?

A

Unbroken skin.
Mucous membranes of gut + lung.
Acid and enzymes in gut.
Non specific metabolism.

2
Q

How long do maternal antibodies transferred in the womb protect the baby for?

A

A year.

3
Q

What is the definition of an antigen?

A

Anything that can be bound by an antibody.

4
Q

Which antibodies are part of the first + second immune response?

A

1st: IgM.
2nd: IgG.

5
Q

Which vaccines act through live immunity?

A

Live, inactivated components, and inactivated toxins.

6
Q

What constitutes passive immunity?

A

Vertical transmission and breastfeeding.
Injection of pooled immunoglobulin.
HNIG - pooled plasma.
Specific - tetanus, botulism, hep B, rabies, VZV

7
Q

Name 4 live vaccines:

A

MMR.
BCG.
Yellow fever.
VZV.

8
Q

Name 3 inactivated vaccines:

A

Pertussis.
Typhoid.
HPV.

9
Q

Name 2 vaccines made from components of organisms:

A

Influenza.

Pneumococcal.

10
Q

Name 2 vaccines made from inactivated toxins:

A

Diphtheria.

Tetanus.

11
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of live vaccines:

A

Single does, strong.

Unstable, revert to virulence, not in immunosepressed, contamination, interference by viruses.

12
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of inactivated vaccines:

A

Stable, clear constituents, can’t cause infection.

Several doses needed, local reactions, needs adjutant, shorter lasting.

13
Q

What are the five key steps in breaking the chain of infection?

A
Eliminate pathogenic organism.
Remove source/reservoir.
Minimise transmission.
Eliminate exit and entry.
Reduce susceptibility.
14
Q

What 4 steps are taken to eliminate pathogenic organisms?

A

Environmental cleaning: H2O2.
Equipment decontamination: sterilise + disinfect
Antisepsis: skin prep, MRSA decon
Antibiotic prophylaxis

15
Q

What two steps are taken to remove the source/resevoir of infections?

A

Hand hygiene.

Environmental cleaning and decontamination.

16
Q

Which 5 steps are taken to minimise transmission of infections organisms?

A
Hand hygiene.
PPE.
Equipment decontamination.
Source isolation
Disposable equipment use.
17
Q

Which 5 steps are taken to eliminate entry of organisms?

A
Antisepsis.
Asepsis.
Air handling (+ve kPa, laminar flow).
Sharps management.
Patient management (invasive devices).
18
Q

What 2 steps are taken to reduce susceptibility to infection?

A

Antibiotic stewardship.

Immunisation.

19
Q

Define sterilisation. 4 methods.

A

Complete killing or removal of all types of micro-organisms.

Heat, chemical, filtration, ionising radiation.

20
Q

How is sterilisation by heat performed?

A

Moist: autoclave - steam, high kPa.
Dry: oven.

21
Q

Define disinfection.

A

Removal or destruction of sufficient numbers of potential harmful micro-organisms to make an item safe to use.

22
Q

Define antisepsis.

A

Disinfection when applied to living tissue or damaged skin.

23
Q

Chemical disinfection is largely limited to:

A

Environmental decontamination (spills, surfaces).
Antisepsis.
Heat-sensitive items.

24
Q

What infection control method is used for surgical instrument reprocessing?

A

Sterilisation by moist heat.

25
Q

What infection control method is used for flexible endoscopes?

A

High level disinfection by chemical methods.

26
Q

What infection control method is used for syringe needles?

A

Sterilisation: gamma irradiation pre use and disposal afterwards.

27
Q

What infection control method is used for central venous catheter site?

A

Antisepsis: 2% chlohexidine in 70% isopropyl alcohol.

28
Q

What infection control method is used for a surgeons hands?

A

Washing with surgical scrub.

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