AABchem1.18 Flashcards
(500 cards)
1
Q
Protein soluble in water
A
albumin
2
Q
What diff proteins from carb/lipid
A
nitrogen
3
Q
conjugated protein
A
protein plus prosthetic grplipo, glyco/muco, nucleo
4
Q
5 plasma proteins
A
albumin, alpha 1, alpha 2, beta, gamma
5
Q
Primary protein structure
A
amino acids
6
Q
Secondary protein structure
A
alpha helix, beta pleated sheets
7
Q
Tertiary protein structure
A
3D
8
Q
Quaternary protein structure
A
2+ polypeptide chains
9
Q
Enzyme deficiency with decreased enzymes leading to buildup of ketoacids decreased branched-chain ketoacid dehydrogenase enzyme activity(LIV)
A
maple syrup disease
10
Q
Aminoacidpathy caused by defiency in the enzyme to metabolize phenylalaninemousy urine
A
Phenylketonuria, PKU
11
Q
Aminoacidopathy due to enzyme deficiency due to lack of enzyme to break down tyrosine/phenylalanine leading to buildup of homo-gentistic aciddeficiency of a single enzyme called homogentisate 1,2 dioxygenaseblack urine
A
Alkaptonuria
12
Q
CystinuriaTyrosinemia
A
inherited metabolic,excessive amount of undissolved cysteine, doesn’t get reabsorbed by kidney, kidney stonesTyrosine/metabolites excreted in urine
13
Q
Deficiency in enzyme needed to metabolize methionine Increased levels of this amino causes stroke, CVD, alzheimers, osteoporesis, nutrional def
A
Homocystinuriabuild up of methionine and homo-cysteine (metabolite of methionine)
14
Q
4 causes of hypoproteinemia
A
Not getting/making enough:malnutritionliver disease(doesn’t make protein)Protein loss: burns(protein loss thru wound)nephrotic syndrome(loss thru urine)
15
Q
3 Causes of hyperproteinemia
A
dehydrationMultiple myeloma, Waldenstroms
16
Q
5 immunoglobulin
A
G,A,M,E,D
17
Q
4 measurements of TP…TP g/dL…
A
BiuretDye bindingKjeldahlRefractometryTP 6.4-8.3 g/dL
18
Q
TP g/dLalbumin g/dLmicroalbumin in urine mg/24hr
A
TP 6.4-8.3g/dLAlbumin 3.5-5 g/dL (about 60% of TP) rest is globulinsmicroalbumin 50-200 mg/24hr
19
Q
Calculation of A/G ratio
A
Albumin/TP-albumin
20
Q
Total protein method that reacts with >= 2 peptide bonds in proteins
A
Biuret
21
Q
Biuret reaction for TP uses…which forms what color complex
A
copper salts which forms a purple color
22
Q
4 dyes in dye binding for TP
A
Bromophenol Blue Coomassie brilliant bluePonceau SAmido black
23
Q
Reference method for TP, not used often
A
Kjeldahl
24
Q
TP method that measures nitrogen
A
Kjeldahl
25
This reaction follows Beers law for a reasonable range of proteinDepends on presence of at least two peptide linkagesIs insensitive to low protein in urine...
Biuret reactionBeers law: concentration of analyte=Abs unknown/Abs std x con std
26
3 things that can interfere with Biuret method for TP
hemoglobin, hemolysis and lipids can interfere
27
Two dyes used in dye binding method for albumin
BCPBCGBromcresol
28
BCP/BCG is used in what method...are used to determine...
Dye-binding methodfor albumin
29
Principle of protein measurement calledpHcolor change from,tofalse pos seen in what pH
protein error of indicatorspH 3.0yellow to greenalkaline urine
30
Breakdown of protein in liver produces...and is converted to and excreted into...
ammoniaurea
31
B2 microgobulin used as a marker for
reduced GFR
32
CSF protein
15-45mg/dL
33
3 Methods for Urine/CSF protein, BAD acronym
BiuretAcid: SSA precipitationDye: Coomassie brillant blue
34
Increased CSF protein in these 3
meningitis, tramatic tap, MS
35
Protein in Spina bifida
AFPalpha fetoprotein
36
CEA stands for, is a
carcino-embryonic antigenoncofetal antigen
37
CEA nonspecific for
colorectal carcinoma/colon cancer
38
AFP
alpha fetoproteintumor associated; secreted by fetal liver
39
Increased AFP 4 conditions
liver/heptocellular cancerneural tube defects(spina bifida)ovariantesticular cancer
40
Decreased AFP in
Down syndrome
41
HCGMade by...Has...
human chorionic gonadotropinmade by placenta after implantation by trophoblastic cellsalpha+beta subunits noncovalently bound
42
HCG seen in these two cancers
ovariantesticular
43
PSAMade by...Seen in..
prostate specific antigenmade by prostatic epi cellsprostatic cancer
44
CA-125
ovarian cancer
45
CA19-9
pancreaticGI, adenocarcinoma
46
CA15-3, 27.29
mestatic breast
47
Two markers in breast cancer
CA27-29, CA15-3
48
Thyroglobulin marker for
thyroid
49
All proteins carry a net...charge due to protein being a higher pH than its isoelectric pointand travel towards
net negative, anode
50
Fastest/smallest protein toward anode
albumin
51
Which globulin migrates to cathode due to electro/endosmosisSeveral gels used routinely for protein electrophoresis attract positive ions from the buffer and form a positive ion cloud. This ion cloud moves in the opposite direction to the cathode. This phenomenon is called electroendosmosis or endosmosis.The tension created by these oppositely moving ion clouds can affect the movement of sample macromolecules. The migration of some proteins can be slowed, some proteins can become immobile, and other proteins are pushed toward the cathode.
gamma
52
pH of electrophoresis
8.6
53
Anode
positively charged electrode
54
Cathode
negatively charged electrode
55
Protein in highest concentration and made in liver% of plasma protein
Albumin65%
56
Method of detection for albumin and reagents used
dye binding, bromcresol purplemethyl orange
57
Albumin function
transport/binds proteinosmotic pressure
58
Albumin decreased in these 3 things
malnutritionliver diseasenephrotic syndrome/renal loss/kidney disease
59
Albumin increased in this
dehydration
60
Another name for prealbumin and used to assess...
trans-thy-retinnutrional status
61
Liver makes these 4 globulins and RE/plasma cells make this
liver: albumin, alpha 1/2, betaRE/plasma: gamma
62
two alpha 1 globulins
AAT: alpha1 antitrypsininhibits the neutrophil elastase activity in the lung and hence can protect it from proteolytic damage.AFP: alpha fetoprotein
63
AAT increased, decreased in
increased in acute phase/prego(Action of Neutrophils cause AAT to try to keep it from damaging tissue)decreased in emphysema(Def means neutrophil byproducts are damaging tissue)
64
AFP increased these 4...decreased in...
increased in:neural tube defects liver cancerovarian/testiculardecreased in Downs
65
Globulin increased in acute inflamation
alpha 2
66
Large globulin made in liver, inhibits trypsin/pepsin/plasminnephrotic/kindey diseasediabeteslupusincreased in prego
alpha 2 macroglobulinIncreased levels of alpha-2-macroglobulin are found in nephrotic syndrome when lower molecular weight proteins are lost, but alpha-2-macroglobulin is retained because of its large size. In patients with liver cirrhosis and diabetes, the levels are found to be elevated.
67
three alpha 2 globulins
alpha 2 macroglobulinHaptoglobinceruplasmin
68
Alpha 2 globulin made in liveracute phase reactant that binds hmg
Haptoglobin
69
haptoglobin increased/decreased in these two
increased in acute phases, nephrotic syndrome(Increased α2-macroglobulin is seen in nephrotic syndrome due to increased synthesis and inability to pass through the glomerulus)decreased in transfusion, hemolysis
70
Alpha2 globulin transports 65-90% copper, made in liver, acute phase reactant
Ceruloplasmin
71
Disease with decreased serum ceruloplasmin and increased serum/urine copper. Increased storage of copper in organs/cornea
wilsons
72
Disease with decreased ceruloplasmin due to decreased absorption, decreased serum copper
Menkes
73
Ceruplasmin is a .... that transports...increased in these two...decreased in these two conditions...
glycoprotein that transports copperincreased in acute phase/inflammation, pregodecreased in Wilsons disease and Menkes
74
Type of globulin that is carrier protein for iron and lipidselevated in
Beta globulinincreased LDLIDA
75
Beta globulins examples
Beta2 microglobulinbeta lipoprotein/LDLtransferrinhemoplexincomplementfibrinogenCRP
76
Beta globulin that is a heme scavenger
hemopexin
77
Beta globulin that transports iron
transferrin
78
examples of glycoproteins
transferrinceruloplasminmucinsAFPimmunoglobulins, antibodiesFSH, LH, HCG, TSHFibrinogen
79
A non-glycoprotein that are temp sensitive proteins that precipitate from serum/plasma at temps lower than 37C
Cryoglobulin
80
Striated muscle/cardiac; increased in heart attack, muscle dystrophy, crush
myoglobin
81
complex of 3 proteins in striated/cardiac; muscle contration, most sensitive for heart attach3 subunits
TroponinTnI, TnT, TnC
82
Urine/CSF concentration firstBence Jones in urine migrate to..Prealbumin band seen in...
BJ to gamma regionPrealbumin in CSF
83
globulin increased globulin decreased in viral hepatitis
gamma increasedalbumin decreased
84
globulins increased...globulin decreased...maligment tumor
alpha 1/2 increasedalbumin decreased
85
beta-gamma bridge,broad gamma seen in
active cirrhosis/liver
86
M spike seen in
Monoclonal gammopathy
87
increased alpha 2/gamma ratioDecreased albumin seen in
nephrotic syndromeliver makes less albumin
88
Migration of globulins from anode to cathode and % of each...
albumin 65%, alpha1 2%, alpha2 8%, beta 10%, gamma 15%
89
Polar hydrophillic and nonpoloar hydrophobic fatty acid chains; cell membranes are made of these
phospholipids
90
Examples of phospholipids
lecithinsphingomyelinPG(phosphatidyl glycerol)
91
Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids that activates inflammation Stimultes clotting; also stimulates cervix to dialate and contractionsa group of lipids with hormone-like actions that your body makes primarily at sites of tissue damage or infection
PGProstaglandins
92
Transports lipids, classified w/ultracentrifugationProtein part of lipoproteins/structural components...
transports lipids: lipoproteinsProtein part: Apoprotein
93
Order of lipids from heaviest to lighest
HDL, LDL, VLDL, Chylo
94
Alpha lipoprotein is...Beta lipoprotein is...Prebeta lipoprotein is...Migration of liproteins from origin/cathode to anode
alpha: HDLBeta: LDLPreBeta: VLDLOrigin to Anode:Chylo, LDL, VLDL, HDL
95
Largest lipoprotein, carrier of exo TrigApoproteins associated with it
ChylomicronApoB-48
96
Exogenous/dietary lipids and it's liproprotein/carrier
Triglycerideschylomicrons
97
most artherogenic lipid causing CHD, mostly composed of cholesterol and transported to the heart
LDL
98
Endogenous lipid made of mostly triglycerides
VLDL
99
Lipid transports lipid out of liver, heaviest and smallest
HDL
100
primary form of lipid storage...transported by these two...
triglyceridesexo/dietary: chylomicronsendo:VLDL
101
Lipid made monstly in liver, manufacture/repair cell membranes, makes biles salts/vitD, precurosr to steroids....two kinds:transports to cells...transports out of cells...
cholesterolto: LDLout of: HDL
102
% of Cholesterol made in liver...% of Trig made in liver versus diet...
Cholesterol 85%Trig 10% liver, 90 diet
103
Apoprotein B-100 are part of these two lipids
LDL, VLDL
104
Apoprotein A is part of this lipoprotein
HDL
105
Apoprotein B-48 is part of this lipoprotein
Chylo
106
LDL % carrries lipids
60-70
107
HDL % carries lipid
20-35
108
VLDL % carries lipid
5-12%
109
Major protein in HDL
Apolipoprotein A
110
Major protein in LDL/VLDL
Apolipoprotein B
111
Protein versus lipid density
protein more dense than lipid
112
Disease with very low HDL
Tangier
113
Method for cholesterolpurpose of saponification step
cholesterol oxidaseconvert cholesterol esters to free cholesterol
114
Liebermann Burchard reaction used to determine
cholesterol
115
2 reagents used for color developemnt in Liebermann Burchard reaction for cholesterol
acetic anhydridesulfuric acid
116
Lieberman has cholesterolgoes to a.a. and s.a.
Lieberman Burchard reaction for cholesterolReagents are:Acetic AnhydrideandSulfuric Acid
117
Lipid w/3 fatty acids/glycerolstorage form90% in diet, 10% liverlipemia from chylomicrons
Trig
118
Enzyme method for triglycerides...Hydrolyzes to...
Lipase hydrolyzes triglyceride to form glycerol
119
Fredewald calculation for LDL
TC- (TG/5+ HDL)
120
Friedwald calculation for VLDL
TG/5
121
Cannot used Friedwald calculation for LDL/VLDL if...
TG is >400mg/dL
122
Risk factors for CHDage by gendershistory ofbp, HDLtwo conditions
>45men, >55 womenfamily history of CHDsmokingbp >120, HDL <40D.mellitus, metabolic syndrome
123
Lipid goalsTCTrigLDLHDL
TC <200Trig <150LDL<100HDL>35
124
Condition where blood cholesterol is increased
hypothyroidismThyroid hormones help your liver process blood. When your thyroid hormone levels are low, your liver processes blood more slowly, which can lead to higher levels of cholesterol in your bloodstream
125
Examples of ....lipid deposits in vascular/legs/armsCAD, AMI, arterieslipid in brain, stroke
atheriosclerosis
126
Disease with increased TC, LDL and decreased HDLCalculate coronary risk index using these two parametersElevated beta liproprotein is what lipid and leads to which kind of disease
CHDTC, HDLLDL, cardiovascular
127
4 non protein nitrogen
urea, ammoniauric acidcreatinine
128
non protein nitrogen increased in plasma in renal impairment called
azotemia
129
Best way to evaluate renal impairment and what is most common analyte to monitor it
GFRcreatinine
130
Creatinine clearance calcbased off the principle that creatinine passes into the ultrafiltrate
U creat/P creat x mL/1440vol in mL, min/24hr
131
Correction for clerance by body surface area
creat clearx1.73/area
132
Used with eGFR to stage/monitor CKD
urine albumin
133
Made from creatine in muscle
Creatinine
134
Method for creatininereacts withcolor formed
Jaffealkaline picrateyellow-red
135
Rises more rapidly than serum creatinine in acute renal failure
BUN
136
BUN increased in these two things
renal impairmenthigh protein
137
diacetyl monoxime used in determining...by measuring...can be used in untreated urine because...
BUNureamethod isn't measuring ammonia
138
Type of method for BUN that measures urea...reagent that reacts with urea...
Colorimetric methodreacts with diacetyl monoxime
139
Enzymatic method for BUN uses....which hydrolyzes...to...
ureasewhich hydrolyzes urea into ammoniaUnlike the colorimetric method using diacetyl monoxime used for BUN/urea
140
diacetyl monoxime-urease-
diacetyl monoxime-BUN/ureaurease-BUN/ammonia
141
BUN mg/dLCreatinine mg/dLBUN/creatinine ratioelevated creatinine will result in elevated BUN of how much
BUN 6-20mg/dLCreatinine around 1mg/dL10:1 to 20:1BUN will be elevated
142
GFR marker made by nucleated cells
cystatin c
143
end product of purine metabolism from nuclei, allantoin
uric acid
144
The colorimetric method for uric acid is an alkaline oxidation where uric acid reduces...to...
phospho-tungistic acid to tungsten blue
145
phosphotungistic acid used in
uric acid
146
Uric acid NV mg/dL
2.6-7.2
147
Hyperuricemia causes
-gout-leukemia/lymphoma (overproduction of new cells, more breakdown)-Lesch-Nyhan(The HGPRT deficiency causes a build-up of uric acid in all body fluids. The combination of increased synthesis and decreased utilization of purines leads to high levels of uric acid production.)
148
Disease where there is over production of uric acid that arent recycled; mostly malesThe HGPRT deficiency causes a build-up of uric acid in all body fluids. The combination of increased synthesis and decreased utilization of purines leads to high levels of uric acid production.)
Lesch-Nyhan
149
Uric acid is measured by... at 290nm before/after treatment with...
UV absorption at 290 before/after treatment with uricaseAlso use isotope dilution/MS
150
This is from bacterial action on contents of colon and metabolized by liver
ammonia
151
Analyte that is a prognostic indicator of liver failure
ammonianot eliminated by kidneys
152
Increased ammonia in these 3 main reasons
liver disease (cirrhosis, viral hep)impaired renal (increased urea,ammonia)Reye's SyndromeReye’s syndrome is a rare condition that happens in children after a viral infection or illness, especially if they took aspirin (salicylate) to treat their symptoms. Reye’s syndrome targets their brain, blood and liver.
153
Syndrome that leads to increased ammonia, mostly kids, previous virus, salicylate
Reyes
154
Bromphenol blue or GLDH used to measure
ammonia
155
Nessler used to detect
used to detect ammoninapotassium iodide plusmercury iodide/chloride plussodium hydroxide in waterdirty brown precipitate
156
Disaccharide with 2 glucose
maltose
157
Disaccharide with 1 glucose, 1 galactose
lactose
158
disaccharide with 1 glucose, 1 fructose
sucrose
159
monosaccharide with 6 carbons
hexose
160
process that uses glucose for energy, changed to lactic acid for energy
glycolysis
161
process of glucose to glycogen
glycogenesis
162
process of glycogen to glucose
glycogenolysis
163
process of glucose from noncarb sources
gluconeogenesis
164
renal threshold for glucoseCSF glucose % of plasmabest anticoagulant
160-180mg/dLCSF 60-65% of plasmasodium flouride
165
Diabetes melliutusplasma/OGTTA1C
>200mg/dL>=6.5%
166
Hypoglycemia mg/dL
70mg/dl
167
Hormones that regulate glucosewhich one decreases?all the rest increase
insulin, only one decreasesglucagonepineph/cortisolGH, ACTHT3/T4(Thyroxine)Stomatostain
168
hormones made in pancreas:alpha cells/increase or decreasebeta cells/increase or decreasedelta cells/increase or decrease
alpha: glucagon, increasebeta: insulin, decreasedelta: stomatostain, increase
169
peptide hormone made in beta cells and decreases blood glucose/goes into cells
insulin
170
steroid hormone that is a glucocorticoid, made in adrenal cortex, and increases blood glucose
cortisol
171
peptide hormone made in alpha cells, increases blood sugar by making glucose from glycogen
glucagon
172
hormone made in delta cells, inhibits secretion of insulin making more glucose in blood
stomatostain
173
hormone that is adrenaline, neurotransmitter and regulates glucose
epinephrine
174
glycogen storage diseaseincreased or decreased glucose
von Gierkesdecreased
175
diabetes where glucose is normal
insipidus
176
condition with tumor that results in increased insulinincreased or decreased glucose
insulinomadecreased glucose
177
two conditions that increase glucoseThyroid, adrenal cortex
hashimotos(Hypothyroidism, which is caused by Hashimoto's disease, decreases glucose absorption, leading to an accumulation of sugar. In turn, this accumulation of sugar causes more insulin to be produced to utilize excess glucose, eventually leading to insulin resistance.)cushings(increased cortisol)
178
most employed automated method for glucose uses what two enzymes where there's oxidation that forms a chromagencontamination can happen with
glucose oxidase, peroxidasecontamination with catalase
179
Gold standard for glucose testing/higher specificity...Two enzymes used....Amount of... is proportional to glucoseIs read at...nm
Hexokinase methodHexokinase, G6PDNADH formed is proportional to glucose340nm
180
hexokinase method:what is reduced and measured?measured at what nm?
NAD coenzyme reduced to NADHmeasured at 340nm
181
Normal fasting blood glucose
70-110mg/dL
182
Test to confirm prenatal borderline blood glucose
3 hr GTT
183
HmgA1C binds to hmg and monitors long term diabetes/largest fraction of HbAhow long of picture of glucose?Normal?Diabetic?
2-3mthNormal 4.0-6.0%Diabetic 6.5%
184
Juvenille onset, insulin dependent, autoimmune destruction of beta cellsketoacidosis
Type 1
185
adult onset, non insulin, insulin resistance, no ketoacidosis, obsesity
Type 2
186
What is a byproduct of insulin and can differentiate between medication/exo insulin and what the body makes/endogenous insulin?
C-peptide
187
Diabetes caused by placental lactogen inhibiting insulin
GDMgestational diabetes mellitus
188
Measurement of light intensity, chemical rxn forms color and is absorbed at specific wavelenthvisible light 400-700, frequency inverse to wavelength, uses quartz cuvette for UV rangetungsten or deuterium
spectrophotometry
189
Filter used for QC of spectrophotometer and what it tests
holmium oxide glass filterwavelength accuracy
190
Meaasurement of emission of color when element is burned
flame photometry
191
Measurement of light abosorption of electromagnetic radiation
atomic absorption spectrophotometry
192
Atomic absorption measures using what light sourcealso uses monochormator, flame sample cell, PM tube
hollow cathod lamp
193
term that decreases fluorescent intensity of a substanceis a disadvantage of...
quenchingfluorometry
194
Measurement using electrode, ref electrode, liquid, potential diff between the two equals concentration
ISE
195
Measurement of light scattered by particles in a solution and measured at an angle, seen in ag-ab rxn...Measurement of reduction in light transmission by particles in suspension ie proteins
scattered: nephelometryreduced transmisson: turbidimetry
196
In immunoelectrophoresis there must be excess...and a constant.... ......
excess antibodyconstant trough distance
197
Used to separate volatile or able to volatile and to confirm toxicologyIs a reference for alcohol...This is used to enhance sensitivity and specificity...
gas chromatographyMS(mass spectro)
198
Technique w/sorbent coated and solvent screens for drugs/urineUses Rf valueRf value is...
TLC Thin layer chromatographyRf= drug distance/solvent distance
199
Osmometry based off measuresm-Osmol/kg
freezing point depressionmeasure osmolality of urine/serum(dissolved particle in sln)Tubular fnc
200
Hmg-Verdo-hmgPlasma/store: biliverdin-iron-globinLiver: bilirubin-albuminConjugataed: Bili diglucuronide
...
201
Ehrlich, p-DMAB reagent measures
Urobilinogen
202
p-DMAB stands for, used in the...for...
p-Di-Methyl-Amino-BenzaldehydeEhrlich method for urobilnogen
203
Color produced with Erlichs reagent w/porphobilinogen and urobilinogenreagent used to distinguish the two
red/pink colorchloroform,urobilinogen will be soluble porphobilinogen will be insoluble and stay in aqueous phase
204
Protein that carries unconjugated bilirubin..Where is bilirubin conjugated...Name of conjugated/direct bili...
albumin carries unconjugatedconjugated in liverconjugated is bilirubin diglucuronide
205
Reaction for and alternate name bilirubin determination...Uses...Turns into...
diazo rxn/Jendrassik-Grofuses diazotized sulfanilicturns into purple azobilirubin
206
Jendrassik-Grof measuresusesturns into
bilirubinuses diazo-tized sulfanilicturns into purple azobilirubin
207
Bilirubin that is seen is not solube, thus not secreted in urine, cause of hemolytic trans rxn, prehaptic jaundice
indirect bili/unconjugated bili
208
Bilirubin that is formed/converted in intestine
urobilinogen
209
bilirubin that is oxidized/green in RE system
biliverdin
210
oxidized form of urobilinogen excreted in urine...stool...
urobilin: urobilinogen goes to kidney; yellowstercobilin: urobilinogen oxidized, brown stool
211
Evelyn Malloy method used for...Interference..
bilirubinhemolysis
212
Jaundice with increasd unconjugated and increased urine urinobilinogen
Prehepatic jaundice
213
Disease where all bili is increased, bili/uro in urine
hepatic
214
condition where unconjugated is normal, decreased uro, but increased conjugated in urine
Posthepatic obstruction
215
Have diff/mobility rates due to different aminos/structureElectrophoretic property is different for But have same rxn/react to same chemicals
Isoenzyme
216
Metals ions in enzymatic reactions act as
activators
217
This contant determines rate of conversion of substrate to product by differing substrate concentrations and rate of dissociation of complex
Michaelis-Menten
218
Order rxn where large excess substrate allows for amt of enzyme activity to be limiting factor when all enzyme is bound to substratesubstrate: A reactant in a chemical reaction is called a substrate when acted upon by an enzyme.
zero order
219
LD catalyzes lactate +NAD to... And...
pyruvate + NADH
220
LD isoenzyme that migrates the fastest to anode and highest in heart/rbc
LD1 HHHH
221
LD isoenzyme in healthy, HHHM
LD2
222
LD isoezyme that migrates the slowest
LD5
223
Increased in LD1,2,3
PApernicious anemia
224
Enzyme greatly affected by hemolysis because its in all cells
LD
225
CK increased in these 3: stress to muscles
heart attackmuscular dystrophyexercise
226
3 CK isoenzymes are dimersFastest to slowestBrain faster than muscle
CKBB, CKMB, CKMM
227
CK isoenzyme slowest, in skeletal muscle
CKMM
228
CKMB sensitive for AMIrises w/in...down in...
2-4hrs2-4 days
229
Most sensitive for AMI and two most used...rise/fall...
TroponinTnT,TnI4-8hrs, 10 days
230
LD rises, days last
rises 8-12hrs, 10-14 days
231
Myoglobin rises, normal
30min, 24hrs
232
condition can't pump, fluids in lungs, cause CAD, BNP to diagnose
CHF
233
Condition were lack of oxygen, ischemia, leads to CHF/angina/heart attackNarrowing of the small blood vessels that supply blood and oxygen to the heart.
CHDCoronary heart disease (CHD) is also called coronary artery disease
234
3 conditions elevated AST1 not elevated
acute heartliver diseasemuscularnot elevated in acute pancreatitis
235
2 Liver enzymes not affected by hemolysis
ALT, GGT
236
Increased ALP in 3 things in liver
obstruction of biliary tract/jaundiceacute viral hepbiliary cirosis
237
ALP increased in these 3 bone disordersincreased in 1 random
Pagets: overgrowthosteomalacia: soft bones, decreased D/CaRickets: Vit d defprego (increased in mom and baby's bones)
238
High ALP but no other liver increased
bone
239
pH for ACPincreased in
5.0acidprostatic disease
240
Enzyme in alcoholics, heptobiliary, obstructive jaundice, cirrhosis
GGT
241
Enzyme in mumps and acute pancreatititsenzyme most specific for pancreatittis
mumps: amylasepancreatitis: lipase
242
Cherry Crandall used to determine...substrate...
lipaseolive oil
243
Disease with highest level of aldolase
muscular dystrophyAldolase is necessary for glycolysis in muscle as a "rapid response" pathway for production of adenosine triphosphate, independent of tissue oxygen.
244
Zollinger-Ellison is a... increased...
gastrinomagastrin HCl
245
diacetyl monoxime used to determine
BUN
246
phospho-tungistic acid to tungsten blue used to determine
Uric acid
247
most uric acid in plasma is what form...increased in...
monosodium urategout
248
Kayser-Fleischer
Cooper deposits in cornea
249
To evaluate ionized calcium you need to know these two things and why
pH and proteinionized calcium is pH dependent; ph will increase if CO2 is lostCa will increase with increased protein
250
3 things that regulate calcium/increase/decrease
VitD/PTH: increase Ca-VitD increases GI absorption of Ca-low Ca will stimulate PTH productionCalcitonin: decrease Ca-inhibits bone reabsorption
251
Hypocalcemia causes
Tetany (decreased Ca,Mg)VitD def, hypoPTHhypo mag, albuminNormally, the parathyroid glands release a hormone that increases blood calcium levels when they are low. Magnesium is required for the production and release of parathyroid hormone, so when magnesium is too low, insufficient parathyroid hormone is produced and blood calcium levels are also reduced (hypocalcemia).
252
hypercalcemia
Vit excess, hyperPTHMalignancy
253
8-hydroxy-quinoline removes...In determination of...
MgCa
254
In the complexometric titration for Ca, the pH is adjusted to prevent...Complexometric titrations are used mainly to determine metal ions by use of complex-forming reactions.
interference from Mg8-hydroxy-quinoline removes Mg
255
Method for Ca where its precipitated as Ca oxalate and converted to oxalic acid w/sulfuric acid and measured by titration against K permanganate
Clark-Collip
256
Clark-Collip measures...it will be precipitated as...
Calciumoxalate
257
In determining calcium, lanthanum is used to
bind phosphate
258
Most phosphorus is in... at pH
bone 7.4
259
Phosphorus is controlled by this and how does it affect it, opposite of Ca
PTH:decreases Phoincreases Ca
260
Affect on PhosPTHCalcitonin, Vit D
PTH decreased PhoCalcitonin, Vit D increases phosphate
261
Reagent used for phosphate
molybdatemolybdeum blue
262
Hyperparathyroidism= increased PTH,Phosphorus is
decreased
263
Hypoparathyroidism= decreased PTHPhosphorus...
increased
264
Magnesium is controlled by kidney thru tubular reabsorption, what is renal threshold
1.5-2.1mg/dL
265
Treatment for preeclampsia/contractions will result in what lab result to be increased
magnesiumhypermagnesemia
266
Condition decreased iron/ferritin/% sat, increased transferrin/TIBC
IDA
267
Reagent for magnesium
titan yellow
268
2 Conditions with increased iron/ferritin/%sat and decreased transferrin/TIBC
sideroblastic and hemocromatosis
269
trace metal involved in melanin, inorganic cofactor, bound to albumin, transported by ceruloplasmin
copper
270
Fat soluble vitamins
A,D,E,K
271
Water soluble vitamins
All B, C
272
Fat soluble Retinol, cause of night blindness
A
273
Fat soluble calciferol, hormone precursor, Rickets
D
274
Fat soluble Tocopherol, antioxidant/immunityHemolytic anemia
E
275
Fat soluble phylloquinine, for clotshemmorage
K
276
Water soluble B1condition
thiaminBeriberi
277
water soluble riboflavin
B2
278
water soluble B3, condition
niacinpellegra
279
water soluble pyridoxal
B6
280
water soluble B7
Biotin
281
water soluble B9, condition
folatemegaloblastic
282
water soluble cobalamin, condition
B12PA/IF
283
cause of Scurvy
C
284
Major extracellular cation, NV
Sodium 135-145
285
Hormone that increases Na reabsorption and acts on distal convoluted tubeReleased by adrenals
Aldosterone
286
Hypoaldosterone NaHyperaldosterone Na
Hypo: decreased NaHyper: increased Na
287
Normal valuesNa ClK
Na 135-145Major extracellular cationCl 98-106Major extracellular anion K 3.5-5.0Major intracellular cation
288
BUNCreatinine
BUN 6-20Creatinine 0.7-1.5
289
CO2/Bicarb
23-29
290
Na 165Cl 125K 3.5
Saline contamination
291
Diabetes mellitus FastingGlucose
126, 200
292
Increased K causesPhleb issuesTubeCondition
Hemolysis, tourniquet, squeezingEDTADiabetic ketoacidosis(Insulin promotes potassium entry into cells. When circulating insulin is lacking, as in diabetic ketoacidosis, potassium moves out of cells, thus raising plasma potassium levels even in the presence of total body potassium deficiency )
293
Used to enhance sensitivity of ISE electrode for K
Valino-mycin
294
Hypokalemia is less thanHyperkalcemia greater than
Potassium<3.5>5
295
Chloride shift
Cl is inverse HCO3, when one leaves the other goes inHigh Cl, low HCO3=metabolic acidosis
296
Causes of increased Cl
IVDehydrationMetabolic/diabetic acidosis(lose HCO3, chloride shift)
297
Low Cl 4 things
Diarrhea, vomitingRenal failuremetabolic alkalosis
298
Chloride measured with titration methods such asC.A. and S.S.C.A. is...S.S. is...
Coulometric amperometricSchales-Schales
299
Coulometric amperometric method uses...What is measured...How is it measured...
TitrationChlorideTime needed to get to end pt
300
Schales-Schales is what kind of method...For...Violet color formed from reaction with...
Mercurimetric titrationChlorideExcess Hg++
301
C-A and S-S are both these kind of reactions...for...
TitrationChloride
302
Most CO2 in blood is
Bicarb
303
Specimen Least ordered, not used for CO2
Urine
304
Anion Gap, NV
Na+K-(Cl+HCO3)10-20
305
Increased anion Gap
Diabetic ketoacidosisLactic acidosisSalicylateMethanolEthanolPoly glycolUnmeasured
306
Decreased anion Gap used as, due to
Analytical QCAnalyzer error
307
Glass, Ag/AgCl, measures H for measurement of
pH
308
Platinum+Ag/AgCl, amperometric measures
pO2
309
Henderson Hasselbalch
pH= pKa + log [salt]|[acid][A base]|[HA acid]pH=log HCO3/pCO2pH=log kidney/lungspH=log metabolic/respiratory
310
Bicarb: carbonic acid ratio in plasma
20:1
311
AcidosisNormalAlkalosis
<7.387.35-7.45, around 7.4>7.42
312
Metabolic acidosis: pH, HCO3 levels compensation
Decreased pH, HCO3Lung: Hyperventilating releases CO2
313
Metabolic alkalosis 2 parameters influenced, compensation
Increased pH, HCO3Lung: Hypoventilation increases CO2
314
Respiratory acidosis 2 parameters, compensation
Decreased pH, Increased CO2Kidneys: increase bicarb
315
Respiratory alkalosis 2 parameters, compensation
Increased pH, decreased pCO2Kidneys compensate
316
Beer-Lambert law
The Beer-Lambert law relates the concentration of a sample to the amount of light the sample absorbs as it passes through the sample.
317
Synovial: joints, hyaluronic acid makes viscous, obtain by arthrocentesis2 Synovial crystals/conditions
Uric acid: goutPyro-phosphate: pseudogout
318
Amniotic fluid: access neural tube defects/AFP4 Fetal lung tests...
L/S: >2PGFLM 2Lamellar
319
Sweat:AnalyteCondition, death cause
ClCystic fibrosis, pneumonia
320
Sperm:mL, live%, motility %, #/mL
2-5mL>75% alive>50% motility# 20-250 million/mL
321
Decreased CSF glucose seen inIncreased CSF glucose seen in
Decreased CSF glucose: Bacterial meningitis Increased CSF glucose:Diabetes
322
CSF tube order/department
1 chem 2 micro3 heme
323
CSF protein mg/dL
15-45
324
CSF glucose
60-70% plasma
325
CSF diff
70% lymph30% mono
326
4 causes of increased CSF Protein
MeningitisIntracranial hemorrhageTraumatic tapMS
327
Decreased CSF TP seen in
Leak, tear
328
Increased CSF IgG index and oligoclonal banding seen in...
MS Multiple scelerosis Oligoclonal bands are proteins called immunoglobulins. The presence of these proteins indicates inflammation of the central nervous system. The presence of oligoclonal bands may point to a diagnosis of multiple sclerosis.
329
Urine ph normal...If left at rt becomes..
normal 6.0 (4.5-8)alkaline at RT
330
Normal urine volume:poly> olig
1200-1500poly >2500olig<500noc: more at nightanuria: none
331
left at RT, what decreases...increases
decreases:glucose/ketonesbili/urocells/castsincreases:nitrites/bacteriaturbiditypH
332
3 things kidneys make2 hormones that influence kidney
renin, erythropoeitin, PGaldosterone, ADH
333
Urine is made of 7 things
95% waterurea, uric acid, creatinineCl/Na/K
334
Urine RBCs color
smoky, red/brown urine
335
Urine bili/pyridum color
dark yellow/amber/orangePhenazopyridine (Pyridium) is a dye that's a red-orange color
336
Met/Hmg and homogentistic acid urine color
brown black upon standing
337
Reabsorbs H2O onlyRebabsorbs solutes only
H2O only Descening Loopsolutes only ascending loop
338
Specific gravity NV...increased in these 3decreased in this
1.003-1.030increased in: -renal damage(isotheniuria 1.010)-diabetes mellitus-xraydecreased in diabetes insipidus
339
3 methods to determine sg
refractometerreagent stripharmonic oscillation: densitometry; current helps measure sg
340
Urine strip protein method name...ph...and can leach to the pH strip and ...the pHwhat protein it binds to...color...confirm with...
protein error of indicators3.0 and can leach to the pH strip and lower the pHalbuminsulf. acid precipitation
341
How many neprons per kidney....filtration ml/min
1 million90-120mL/min
342
Protein of indicators on dipstick description...has nothing to do with...not affected by...What will cause false pos...
Most of the indicator is non-ionized.The protein will combine with the non-ionized form and will change the ratio of ionized and nonionizedHas nothing to do with pH and not affected by bence jonesFalse pos due to alkaline/buffered urine
343
Renal threshold for glucosedipstick measures only glucosetwo enzymes in rxn
160-180mg/dLglucose oxidase, perioxidase
344
Clinitest/Benedicts is a... ...method for...Can screen for...but reacts with...False neg with these two...
copper reduction method for glucosescreen for galctosemiareacts with all reducing substancesfalse neg with Vit C and pass thru
345
Occult blood on urine dipstick depends on
perioxidase activity of rbc/hmg
346
Nitrite:bacteria type...2 names for rxn:
GNR (E.coli)Diazo, Griess rxn
347
RBC dipstick:false neg with one vitamin and mistaken with 3 things...false pos...
false neg: vitCyeast, oil, calcium oxalate crystalsfalse pos: oxidizing like bleach
348
UTI, renal calculi, acute glomerulonephritis you'll see these cells
RBCs
349
reagent for LE, color
diazo reagent, purple
350
Cell related to glitter cell, UTI/pyelonephritis...type seen in UTI...
whiteneutrophils
351
Seen in diabetes mellitus, breakdown of lipids...reagent...color...confirm with...
ketonessodium nitroprusside purpleAcetest (Acetoacetic/diacetic acid, acetone)
352
Sodium nitroprusside used in determination of...on dipstick
ketones
353
Acetest is used to confirm...detects these two..
confirm ketonesdiacetic acid, acetone
354
Ictotest, Diazo rxn used for
Bilirubin
355
Reagent used in Erlich
p-DMAB
356
Erlich, p-DMAB used in
Urobili
357
Leukocyte in DILUTE HYPOTONIC urine where granules appear to move/Brownian Mvt
glitter cell
358
Large epithelial seen in catherterization, renal pelvis, ureter, bladder
transitional
359
Cell seen in tubular necrosis, renal tubles, oval fat bodies are made from
renal tubular
360
glycoprotein made from TRE that makes up casts (two names)
Tamm horsfall mucoproteinUromodulin
361
Cast are formed in what part of tubules
distal convoluted tubule
362
Casts seen in chronic renal disease, urinary stasis
waxy
363
cast seen in stress/exercise, normal
hyaline
364
cast seen in nephron/acute glomerulonephritis
RBC
365
Cast from dialated collecting ducts
broad
366
cast seen in acute glomerulonephritis and is decomposition of cellular
granular
367
cast from break down of epi casts/oval fat bodies, nephrotic syndrome
fatty
368
cell in pyleonephritis
wbc
369
4 urine parasites
T.vagE.vermiculares (bread loaf ova)strongyS.haematobium
370
5 abnormal crystals
Cysteine: 6 sidesLeucine: concentric circlesTyrosine: needlesBili: yellow/brown needlesCholesterol: notched plates
371
3 normal crystals in acidic urine
Uric acid: rhomboid/pleomorphicamorphouse urates: pink sedimentCalcium oxalate: envelope/oval/dumbell, *monohydrate form in antifreeze
372
4 normal crystals in alkaline urine
amorphous phosphatestriople phosphate: coffin lidcalcium carbonate: dumbellamm. biurate: thorny apple
373
NV for... 50-200 mg/24hr
microalbumin
374
AAT globulin
Alpha-1-antitrypsinAlpha1 globulininhibits the neutrophil elastase activity in the lung and hence can protect it from proteolytic damage.
375
Tangier low in
HDL
376
Colorimetric method for BUN measures, uses... Enzymatic method for BUN measures, uses...Which one can be used for untreated urine, why
Colorimetric measures urea and uses diacetyl monoxime, can be used with untreated urine since it's not measuring ammonia Enzymatic measures ammonia and uses urease
377
HexokinaseGlucose method reduces this coenzyme...To...At...nm
NAD coenzyme is reduced to NADH and measured at 340nm
378
diazo rxn/Jendrassik-Grof
Bilirubin
379
Jendrassik-Grof andEvelyn Malloymeasure
Bilirubin
380
Jendrassik-Grof=Bilirubin+Diazo (caffeine)=azobili
Jendrassik-Grof=Bilirubin+Diazo (caffeine)=azobili
381
Evelyn Malloy method uses...as an accelerator Jendrassik-Grof uses...as an accelerator Measures...
Evelyn Malloy method uses methanol as an accelerator Jendrassik-Grof uses caffeine benzoate acetate as an accelerator bilirubin
382
LD1 HHHH Fastest, marker for these two
heart/rbc
383
sideroblastic and hemocromatosisIron,ferritin,%sat, transferrin/tibc high or low
increased iron/ferritin/%sat decreased transferrin/TIBCSideroblastic anemia is a type of anemia that results from abnormal utilization of iron during erythropoiesis. Hemochromatosis, or iron overload, is a condition in which your body stores too much iron. It’s often genetic.
384
Pyrophosphate seen in
pseudogout
385
Porter-Silber reaction uses phenylhydrazine to detect...Zimmerman reaction detects...
PS=phenylhydrazine=corticosteroidsZimm=17-KS/17-ketosteroids
386
Phenlyhydrazine used to detect corticosteroids in what reaction
PS=Porter-Silber
387
17-ketosteroids/17-KS is detected in what reaction...Is a metabolite of...
ZimmermanZimmerman is a man that takes 17-KS/steroidsmetabolite of androgens
388
Porter and Zimmerman take steroids
...
389
Hypothalmus makes releasing/inhibiting hormones that act on the pituitaryPituitary then makes hormones that have their effects on organs that make the end product/action
...
390
Primary caussed by...secondary caused by...tertiary caused by...
Primary...end organSecondary:pituitaryTertiary: Hypothalamus
391
Increased GH causes these two thingskids versus adultsDecreased GH causes
kids: giantismadults: acromegalydwarfism
392
Hormone that solely initiates and maintains lactation
prolactin
393
increased prolactin cause of these two
Hypogonadism: In hyperprolactinemia, which induces hypogonadism, the excess prolactin interferes with secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, resulting in decreased testosterone and erectile dysfunction.and prolactinoma (pituitary tumor)
394
menstral disorder and inadequate lactation due to
decreased prolactin
395
Vasopression is also called
antidiuretic hormone
396
ADH acts on...to increase...decreased in...
acts on renal tubles to increase water reabsorptiondiabetes insipidus
397
Hormone that stimulates urterine contraction/myoepithelial cells in breast thus ejecting milk
oxytocin
398
Hormone that forms male sex characteristics, spermatogensis, facial hair, deep voice, sex drive
testosterone
399
Testosterone is made from...
cholesterol (as is a lot of steriods)
400
hormones that stimulate sex organ development, linear growth, epiphyseal fusion
androgens
401
infertility men/womenpolycystic ovarian due toadrenal hyperplasia: A group of genetic conditions limiting hormone production in the adrenal glands.
hypertestosteronemia
402
hypogonadism due to
hypotestosteronemia
403
TRH, GRH, CRH GHRHPIF, GHIH released by
hypothalamus
404
GH, PRL, TSH, LH, FSH, ACTH released by the ... ...
anterior pituitary
405
ADH, oxytocin released by
posterior pituitary
406
Hormone that induces ovulation, prmotes ovary secretion of estrogens/progesterone for possible pregnancy and stimulates testes to produce testosterone
Luteinizing hormone
407
GnRH, gonadotropin-releasing hormonestimulates this organ to produceb these 2 hormones... which affects these two organs
GnRH stimulates pituitary to make LH and FSH to affect ovaries or testes
408
GHIH is also called
Somatostatin
409
GHIH/SomatostatinGHRH: growth hormone-releasing hormone
Somatostatin from the hypothalamus inhibits the pituitary gland's secretion of growth hormone and thyroid stimulating hormone.GHRH: growth hormone-releasing hormone
410
Somatostatin inhibits the pituitary gland’s secretion of...and...
Somatostatin from the hypothalamus inhibits the pituitary gland’s secretion of GH and TSH
411
FSH stimulates, secretion offemales:males:
females: egg development, estrogenmales: sperm, testosterone
412
hypothalmus makes CRH, Corticotrophin-releasing hormonethat act on pituitary to make ACTH, Adrenocorticotropic hormonethis stimulates the adrenal cortex to make steroid hormones made from cholesterol3 steroids made in adrenal cortex...
mineralcoritcoids(aldosterone)glucocorticoids(cortisol)sex hormones (androgens, estrogens)
413
What converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I which converts to II and stimulates cortex to make aldosterone
Renin
414
hormone that induces secretion of glucorticoids(cortisol) of adrenal cortex
ACTHadreno-cortiotropic hormone
415
CRH stimulates the...to make... which causes... to release cortisol, aldoseterone, estrogens and testosterone
CRH stimulates the pituitary to make ACTH causing the adrenal cortex to make cortisol, aldosterone, estrogens/testosterone
416
Mineralocorticoids, glucorticoids, and androgens released by
adrenal cortex
417
aldosterone is an example of a...maintains...and...by retaining...and...and excreting...
mineralocorticoidmaintains H2O and electrolytes by retaining water and Na and excreting K
418
Cortisol is a type of
glucocorticoid
419
Hyperadolsoterone, increased Na, decreased K, hypertension
Conns Disease
420
Conns Disease has increased...and thus increased...decreased...leading to....due to increased...
has increased aldosterone and thus increased NaDecreased K leading to hypertenstion due to increased fluid retention
421
Hypoaldosterone, decreased Na/Cl, decreased cortisoleverything down
Addisons Disease
422
Increased cortisol, increased glucose, increased Nabuffalo hump
Cushingseverything up
423
Testosterone is a type of
androgenmale sex hormone
424
metabolite of androgen...reaction used to detect...
17-ketosteroid, 17-KSZimmerman reaction
425
3 types of catecholaminespurpose
epinephnorepidopamine These hormones are released into the body in response to physical or emotional stress.
426
Two GI hormones
Gastrinserotonin
427
Hormone increased in Zollinger Ellison syndrome
gastrin
428
Hormone made in GI, vascoconstricter of PLTs/brain/tissue
serotonin
429
5HIAA is a urinary metabolite of...increased in chromaffin cell tumors of GI, drugs, bananas, pineapples etc
serotonin
430
Catecholamines produced in...by...
adrenal medullaby chromaffin cells
431
Metabolites of epineph
metanephrine, VMA
432
Metabolites of norepineph
normetaneph,VMA
433
Metabolites of dopamine
HVA
434
Pheochromocytoma is a small vascular tumor of the adrenal medulla, causing irregular secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine, leading to attacks of raised blood pressure, palpitations, and headachewith increased...
VMA
435
Pheochromocytoma is a small vascular tumor of the adrenal medulla, causing irregular secretion of...and...metabolite is...
epinephrine and norepinephrineVMA
436
Neuroblastoma is a childhood cancer that starts in immature nerve cells (neuroblasts) with increased...
HVA
437
Most of the releasing and inhibiting hormones (except for ACTH) are producted by the...
hypothalamus
438
Thyroid hormones: stimulate metabolic processesIn tissues...is coverted to....99.97% of...is bound to mosntly TBG, some TB-PA, albumin99.5% of....is also bound
In tissues T4 is converted to T399.97% of T4 is bound to TBG99.5% of T3 is bound
439
TSH stimulates the ... to make these two
thyroid, T3/T4
440
3 things hormones made by thyroid
thyroxine/T4, triiodothyronine/T3calcitonin
441
Thyroxine/T4 and Triiodothyronine/T3 increases...Calcitonin increases...
Thyroxine, Triiodothyronine: metabolismCalcitonin: Ca reabsorbtion
442
3 calcitropic hormones
PTH, VitD, calcitonin
443
Low PTH lowers these two...increases this...
Lowers serum Ca, DIncreases Phos
444
TRH stimulates pituitary to release... which acts on...
TSH, acts on thyroid
445
TSH stimulates thyroid to make...
T3,T4
446
Free... stimulate negative feedback loop and inhibit secretion of...
Free T3/4 inhibit TSH
447
primary Hyperparathyroidism also called...symptoms
Gravesweight loss, heat, hair loss, anxious
448
Graves is hyper or hypo...T3/T4 levels...TSH levels...thyroid overproduces... due to... ...
hyper: T3/T4decreased TSH to stop production of T3/T4Primary means thyroid overproduces T3/T4 due to TSH antibodies
449
Primary Hypothyroidism is called...symptoms
Hashimotosweight gain, tired, cold
450
Hashimotos is hyper or hypo...T3/T4 levels...TSH levels...due to... ...
hypo: T3/T4increased TSH to decreased T3/T4 levelsThyroid autoab
451
Major binding protein for thyroxine/T4How is it measured
TBGthyroid binding globulinBy measuring T3 uptake (amount of TBG bound to thyroid hormones)
452
3 good indicators for hypothyroidism1 not good indicator
FT4, TT4, s-TSH (singles best)Most is T4 not T3not good T3 uptake (indirect, not used)
453
Ovaries productes these two hormones
estrogen, estadiol
454
hormone female sex charac, hyper=amenorrhea, hypo=menopause
Estrogen
455
hormone that's active form of estrogen, evaluates fetoplacental function
estadiol
456
Progesterone made by the... ... ... and then by the...in pregnancy
ovarian corpus luteum and then placenta in pregnancyProgesterone is also secreted by the ovarian corpus luteum during the first ten weeks of pregnancy, followed by the placenta in the later phase of pregnancy.corpus luteum: yellowish mass of progesterone-secreting endocrine tissue that forms immediately after ovulation
457
prepares uterus for prego, maintains endometrium lining, inhibits uterine contractions, prepares breasts for lactation
progesterone
458
progesterone levelsperimenopausepostmenopause
peri: increased progesteronepost:decreased progesterone
459
What hormone maintains progesterone in early pregnancy
HCG
460
HCG increased/decreased...
increased: prego, mutiple pregos, tumorsdecreased: spontaneous abortion
461
HCG subunits are...
alpha, beta subunitsNON-covalently bound subunits
462
subunit that cross reacts with LH,FSH,TSh
alpha
463
subunit that has analytical specificity
beta
464
Trimester with highest level of HCG...When does it show up, how long does it last...
firstseen in days, peaks 2-3mths
465
Toxicology, best specimen for screening/qualitative, best for quantitative
Urine-QLBlood-QNT
466
Creatitinine, pH, or oxidizing activity, dilute/substituted/adultered as a measure of
validity
467
Major disadvantage of immunoassay drug detection...best 2 ways to confirm for drugs that have positive screens...
Immunoassays can't simultaneously assay multiple drugs in one specimengas chromatography/MS
468
Aminoglycosides and Glycoprotein are two kinds of
antibiotics
469
Kind of Glycoprotein/antibioticthat inhibits.. ..synthesis of gram...
Vancomycininhibit cell wall synthesis, treat gp
470
gentami/tobramy/amika/kana-cin are all...they inhibit... ... of gram...
aminoglycosidesinhibit protein synthesis, treat gn
471
Monitor toxic range of antibiotics to prevent damage to...and...
hearing/ototoxickidneys/nephrotoxic
472
Phenobarbital, phenytoin/dilantinValproic acid, Carbamazepineethosuximide are all
anti-epileptic/anti-convulsants
473
Bronchodialatorasthma, IV/oral, 10-20ug/mL, toxic >20ug
Theophyllineactive metabolite in neotates is caffeine, also caffeine given as a brochodilator
474
Cyclosporine, Tacrolimus, Sirolimus,MPA all are
immunosuppressive
475
Methotrexate are all
antineoplastics/antitumor
476
Cyanide, arsenic, mercury all are
heavy metals
477
Substances/acute poisoning
acetaminophen-liver damagesalicylatesalcohols-ethanol,isopro,glycolcyanidecarbon monoxide(carboxyhmg 200x infinity)organophosphates/pesticide:-CNS, decrease cholinesterase
478
Must wait until...to TDMhow many half lives to reach...how many half lives to clear...metabolized by liver, excreted in urine
steady state5.5
479
Specimen drawn imme before next dose is called...Peaks drawn...hrs
Trough1-2hrs after oral dose
480
AID: Amtriphtyline, Imipramine, DoxepinLithium are all
pyschotropics
481
Amtriphtyline, Imipramine, Doxepin are all
tricyclics
482
Digoxin, Quinidine, Procainamide,Disopyramide, Lidocaine all are
Antiarrythmics/cardiactive
483
What body does to drug...What drug does to body...
Body does to drug: pharmacokineticsDrug does to body: pharmacodynamics
484
Increased alpha 2 in these two
Acute inflammationnephrotic syndrome
485
Tetany decreased in these two
Ca,Mg
486
LD 4,5 related to
Liver disease
487
Elevation in LD1/LD2 in a flipped pattern is related to
Myocardial infarction
488
Increased total serum LD 4,5 related to
Acute viral hepatitis
489
Increased LD 1,2 related to
Hemolytic anemia
490
Gilbert, Crigler-Najjar and Dubin-Johnson syndromes all are issues with what analyte
Billirubin
491
Syndrome that's genetic liver disease, reduced glucuronyl transferase, thus increased bili
Gilbert syndrome
492
Name of syndrome where there's two types,the type and name where there's compete absence of glucuronyl transferase, severe unconjugated bili and kernicterus...Type work decreased glucuronyl transferase, chronic increased bili
Crigler-Najjar Syndrome Complete:Type 1 Decreased: Type 2
493
Syndrome that's genetic with defect in bilirubin transport across membrane, leads to dark pigment, porphyrin excretion
Dubin-Johnson syndrome
494
Dubin-Johnson syndrome
Syndrome that’s genetic with defect in bilirubin transport across membrane, leads to dark pigment, porphyrin excretion
495
2 Hepatitis fecal, oral
A, E
496
3 Recent Hep B infection markers
HBsAg,HBeAgAnti-HBc IgM
497
DNA hep, with a core and envelopeBF, sex, IV drug
Hep B
498
RNA, blood-to-blood contact:blood transfusion, needles, no vaccineDevelopment of cirrhosis
Hep c
499
Hep that needs HBV, coinfection
Hep D
500
Tetany caused by these two
(decreased Ca,Mg)
