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aabchemquick Flashcards

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1
Q

CEA;PSA:AFP: 4 related conditionsHCG: 3 related, composed of

A

CEA: oncofetal/fetal colon, corectalPSA: prostateAFP: -fetal liver-ovarian, testicular-neural tube defects: decreased Downs, increased neural tube/cancerHCG: composed of 2 noncovalently subunits alpha and beta-pregnacy-ovarian, testicular

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2
Q

CA15-3CA 27-29CA 19-9CA 125

A

CA15-3, 27-29 breast19-9 pancreatic, GICA125 ovarian

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3
Q

Water soluble vit names, associated conditions Pee out Bs, CsB1B2B3B6B7B9B12C

A

Water soluble vits, associated conditions Bs, CB1 thiamin, BeriberiB2 RiboflavinB3 Niacin, PellegraB6 PyridoxalB7 BiotinB9 folate megaloblasticB12 cobalamin, PA/IF*C scurvy

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4
Q

Fat soluble vitamins name, ass disease

A

ADEKA retinol, night blindlessD calciferol, rickets, hormoneE tocopherol, HA/antioxidantK phylloquinone, hemmorage/clots

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5
Q

Migration of protein from most anododic/anode to least/cathode…%…Albumin: most anodic at pH8.6-BCP less interference-water soluble and carries things/osmotic pressure-mostly decreased do to liver not making/not eating/kidney loss-only increase is dehydrationPrealbuin/transthytin will have faint band, nutrutional status

A

+Albumin, a1, a2, beta, gamma-albumin 65alpha1 2%alpha2 8%beta 10%gamma 15%*highest is albumin 65%, 2nd highst gamma 15%

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6
Q

Gamma globulins % from anode to cathode

A

albumin 65alpha1 2alpha2 8beta 10gamma 15

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7
Q

Proteins increased/decreased in…-decrease in nephrotic, malnutrion, liver disease, burns-increase proteins dehydration, MM/WM-viral hepatitis:-active cirrhosis:-nephrotic syndrome:-acute inflammation

A

Proteins increased/decreased in…-viral hepatitis: increased gamma, decreased albumin-active cirrhosis: beta-gamma bridgeincreased gamma, decreased albumin-nephrotic syndrome: increased alpha2, decreased albumindecreased gamma-acute inflammation: increase in alpha 2

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8
Q

Proteins in monoclonal versushypogamma

A

Mono: sharp increase in gammaHypo: no gamma

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9
Q

A/G calc

A

Albumin/TP-albumin

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10
Q

BUN: rises the fastest in acute renal failure, BUN to creatinine ratio…2 methods of BUN…-one not measuring ammonia-one measures ammonia

A

BUN: rises the fastest in acute renal failure, BUN to creatinine ratio…10:1-BUN is 1/2 of NPNs-urea made from protein, governed by renal fnc2 methods of BUN…-one not measuring ammonia:urea is measured w/diacetyl monoxime-one measures ammonia: ureaseammonia is measured with urease

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11
Q

Copper protein carrier…alpha 2 globulin-Condition where its decreased, excess copper storage-Condition where its decreased, but decreased serum copper

A

Ceruplasmin:-Copper protein carrier-alpha 2 globulin-acute phase, increased in inflammationWilsons: -decreased ceruplasmin, increased serum copper-Kayser Fleisher in corneaMenkes: -decreased ceruplasmin, decreased serum copper-males, kinky blond hair

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12
Q

Creatinine test name, reagent, color…Creatinine is used to measure…calc…alternate marker of GFR…

A

Creatinine:Jaffe, alkaline picrate, yellow redCreatinine used to measure GFR, clearance test-creatine to creatinine-little is reabsorbed, most excreted at a constant rate and passes into ultrafiltrateUcr x vol/Serum cr x 1440 mL/minalternate GFR marker is Cystatin C, made by all nucleated cells

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13
Q

Uric acid causes…seen in also…most uric acid is…Alkaline oxidation uses what reagent…Turns into…Uricase method uses …. at…nm …&….treatment with uricase…

A

Uric acid is breakdown of purine from nuclei, seen in gout, also leukemia/lesch nyhanmonosodium urateColorimetric method with an Alkaline oxidation reaction uses phosphotungistic acid which turns to tungten blueuricase uses UV adsorption at 290nm b4/after uricase

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14
Q

ammonia seen in…-heparin on icetested using 4 diff…

A

liver disease, reyes, encephalopathyISE, pHspectro=blue dyeEnzyme=GLDH, NADNessler

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15
Q

Disaccharides composed of…-maltose:-lactose:-sucrose:Monosaccharide-hexose:

A

Sugars composed of…-maltose: glucose, glucose-lactose: glucose, galactoselac=galac-sucrose: glucose, fructosesu=fru-hexose: monosaccharide with 6 Cs

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16
Q

Renal thresold for glucose…normal fasting glucose…Diabetes:-fasting:-non/2hr:-A1C:test best for prenatal with borderline blood glucose…

A

Renal thresold for glucose…160-180mg/dLnormal fasting 70-110Diabetes:-fasting: 126-non/2hr: 200-A1C: 6.5Nterminus valine, 2-3mth pictureprenatal 3hr gtt

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17
Q

Cystatin versus Cpeptide

A

Cystatin: gfr, in nucleated cellsCpeptide: endogenous production of insulin

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18
Q

What cells make in regards to glucose regulationalpha:beta:delta:Specimen for glucose test…

A

What cells make in regards to glucose regulationalpha: glucagonbeta: insulin (decreases)delta: stomatostatinfluorinated plasma(grey top)-inhibits glycolysis

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19
Q

Glucose increased or decreased…-VonGierke:-diabetes insipidus:-diabetes mellitus:-Hashimoto:-Cushings:

A

Glucose increased or decreased…-VonGierke: decreasedglycogen storage disorder-insulinoma: decreasedtumor makes too much insulin-diabetes insipidus: normalnot enough ADH-diabetes mellitus: increasedinsulin issue-Hashimoto: increaseddecreased metabolism-Cushings: increaseddue to increased cortisol

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20
Q

2 tests for glucose, use fluorinated plasma…both have coupled enzyme…

A

Glucose oxidase-oxidase, perioxidase-oxidize chromagen, colorimetric*contamination with catalaseHexokinase:-hexokinase, G6PD-NAD reduced to NADH, read at 340nm

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21
Q

Storage lipids being used a primary source of energy will cause urinary…

A

ketones

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22
Q

Reagent and name used in urobilinogen testing…What is used to distinguish urobilinogen from porphobilinogen since they’re both red w/Erlichs reagent…

A

pDMAB p-di-methyl-amino-benzaldehydeErlichChloroform: urobilinogen is soluble in chloroform but porphobilinogen isn’t and is in lower phase

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23
Q

2 methods for glucose: both use coupled enzymes-Which one most frequent automated…what are the two enzymes-Which one uses reduced coenzyme at 340…what are two enzymes

A

Glucoseautomated: glucose oxidase-oxidase, peroxidase, oxidize chromagenCoenzyme at 340, hexokinase-hexokinase, G6PD-NAD reduced to NADH at 340

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24
Q

Protein that transport bilirubin to liver…-bili is breakdown of hmg-protect from lightindirect bili…direct bili…form thats in intestine…Two bilirubin test names:-diazotized, caffeine-uses methonal, affected by hemolysis

A

Protein that transport bilirubin to liver…albuminindirect bili…unconjuateddirect bili…conjugated, diglucuronide-increased with hmg breakdownform thats in intestine…urobilinogenTwo bilirubin test names:-diazotized, caffeine: Jendrassik Grof-uses methonal, affected by hemolysis: Evelyn Malloy-biliverdin: oxidized billi, green in RE system-urobilin: oxidized from urobilinogen excreted in stool/stercobilin; also makes yellow color to kidney for urine

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25
Jaundice type:-increased unconjugated, increased urine urobilinogen-everything increased, billi/urobili in urine-unconjugated normal, conjugated increased, urobilinogen decreased
Jaundice type:Preheptatic: hemolytic-increased unconjugated, increased urine urobilinogenHepatic-everything increased, billi/urobili in urinePost hepatic, obstruction:-unconjugated normal, conjugated increased, urobilinogen decreased
26
3 disorders of bilirubin related to reduced enzyme or bili transport issues...which one involved in kernicterus...
GilbertCrigler Najjar: kernicterusDublin Johnson: bili transport issue
27
Enzymes: biological catalysts, measured in...Isoenzymes:Each isoenzyme...-have different electrophoretic properties/diff mobility rates-have different structures-have different rate of rxns-have different rxns to chemical inhibitors-BUT, have the same substrateMetal ions act as...in enzymatic rxns...Rate of conversion of substrate to product is determined by substrate concen and rate of dissociation of complex...Zero order rxn is....
Enzymes: biological catalysts, measured in...IU/L or micromol/LIsoenzymes:Each isoenzyme...-have different electrophoretic properties/diff mobility rates-have different structures-have different rate of rxns-have different rxns to chemical inhibitors-BUT, have the same substrateMetal ions act as activators of enzymes in enzymatic rxnsRate of conversion of substrate to product is determined by substrate concen and rate of dissociation of complex...Michaelis MentenZero order rxn is....all enzyme bound to substrate-large excess substrate leads to enzyme being only rate limiting
28
LD: catalyzes lactate+NAD to pyruvate+NADHmost greatly affected by hemolysisOrder from slowest to fastest...-LD that is highest in heart:-heart attach LD patterm:-Pernicious anemia LDs:-Liver LD
LD1 fastest, L2,L3,L4, L5 slowestLD1: highest in heart, heat stabile, fastest/most neg chargedLD1/2 flipped is heart attackLD1,2,3 is pernicious anemiaLD4,5 Liver, skeletalLD5:slowest, most positively charged
29
CK in muscles,When start to rise, when normal...conditions...isoenzymes: fastest to slowest, location
CK rises 2-4hrs, normal 2-4 daysSeen in heart attach, muscular dystrophy, exerciseCKBB fastest, brainCKMB 2nd, AMICKMM slowest, muscle
30
First protein to rise in heart attack, rise/normal...2nd to rise, normal...3rd to rise, normal...
Myoglobin: 30min, 24hrs-striated skeletal muscle/cardiaCK: 2-4hrs, 2-4daysTroponin: 4-8hrs, 10 days-complex of TnT,TnI (also C)-striated/cardiacLD similar to TroponinAldolase stays the longest
31
Enzyme related to CHF...Enzyme specific to liver...3 enzymes related to muscular dystrophy...3 enzymes in biliary obstruction...1most sensitive to obstructive jaundice...bone enzymeprostatic disease...alcoholics...
CHF: BNPLiver specific: ALT-nonspecific: ast,alp,ggt,ldMuscular dystrophy: aldolase, AST, CKMMbiliary obstruction: alp, ggt, 5nt1most sensitive to obstructive jaundice...ALPbone alp-pagets, osteomalacia, rickets , pregoprostatic: acid phosphatase, ph5.0alcoholics. GGT
32
AST elevated in these 3aldolase highest in..
muscle (dystrophy, heart)liveraldolase highest in muscular dystrophy
33
enzyme in mumps...enzyme specific for acute pancreatitis...4 pancreatic conditions...
mumps: amylasepancreatitis: lipase-cystic fibrosis: mucous dysfuction-cancer 19-9-insulin resistance-gastrinoma, ZollingerEllison
34
lipase:name of test..uses what for substrate...lipase catalyzes the hydrolysis of....into...
Cherry-Crandall, olive oillipase hydrolyzes triglycerides in olive oil into glycerol
35
3 methods for calcium:use heparanized plasma (green top)One is named...and calcium precipitated as...One is complexometric EDTA, and this is adjusted to prevent interference from magnesiumOne uses atomic adsportion and uses lanthanum to bind....
3 methods for calcium:One is named...and calcium precipitated as...Clark CollipC=Clark, C=CollipOne is complexometric EDTA, and this is adjusted to prevent interference from magnesium...ph adjusted with 8hydroxy-quinolineOne uses atomic adsportion and uses lanthanum to bind....phosphate*magnesium and phosphate can interfere with calcium, so pH and lanthanum are to help
36
Calcium is affected by..and...collect in...increased by these two, decreased by one..
ph, proteincollect in heparanized plasma, green top45%bound to protein, 45 ionized/active, 10 complexedincreased by PTH, Vit Ddecreased calcitonin
37
Decreased Ca...hypo PTH, vit D defhypo mag, hypo albumintetany
Increased Ca...hyper PTH, vit D excessMalig
38
Phosphorus at pH7.4 most in...reagent used in inorganic phosphate colorimetric method...what two things increase Phosphoruswhat decreases it
bonemolybdate, molybedum bluePTH decreases phosphorus, opposite of CaCacitonin increased PTH, opposite of CaVit D increases phosphate(and Ca)
39
Decreased Phosphate...hyper PTH, antacids, dextrose
Increased Phosphate...hypo PTH, renal failure
40
Major extracellular cation...Major extracellular anion...Major intracellular cation...Major intracellular anion...
Major extracellular cation...NaMajor extracellular anion...ClMajor intracellular cation...KMajor intracellular anion...Phos
41
NVNa:K:CO2:Cl:BUN:Creatitinine:Glucose:sign of saline contamination:
NVNa: 135-145 major extracellular cationK: 3.5-4.5 major intra-cellular cation-valinomycinCO2: 23-29 (not urine)Cl: 98-106 major extra-cellular anionBUN: 6-20Creatitinine: 0.7-1.5Glucose: 70-110sign of saline contamination:increased Na/Cl, decreased K
42
Things that cause low chloride...Things that cause high chloirde...
low cl:-vomit, diarrhea, sweat, kidney loss-metabolic alkalosis(increase HCO3)high cl:-Iv contamination-metabolic acidosis(decrease HCO3)
43
Cl NVTwo titration methods, -Cl measured by time needed to reach titration end point-which method measures excess Hg which reacts to form violet
Coulometric amperometric/titration:-Silver, ClSchales Schales mercurimetric:-excess Hg react to form violet
44
Magnesium...reagent called..interference with calcium method...use...to prevent...
Magnesium...reagent called..titan yellow, dye lakeinterference with calcium method, adjust pH to prevent interference in calcium by using 8hydroxyquinoline
45
Electrodes:PH:pCO2:pO2:Henderson-Hasselbach equation for pH...Normal ph..acidosis..alkalosis..bicarb:acid ratio...
Electrodes:PH: glass, H+pCO2: ph electrode w/membrane, not H+ but dissolved CO2pO2: platinum w/silver/Cl, amperometricHenderson-Hasselbach equation for pH...-pH=pka+log(salt/acid) or (A)+(HA)Normal ph..7.35-7.45acidosis..<7.35alkalosis..>7.45ratio bicarb:acid 20:1
46
Spectrophotometer QC of wavelength uses....To get UV range use...atomic adsorption spectrophotometry uses this as light source....
Wavelengh QC uses holomium glass filterUV range uses quartz cuvetteatomic adsorption spectrophotometry uses cathode lamp for light
47
Potentiametry: free ions, electrical potentialAmperometry: single potential, currentCoulometry: coulombsPolarography: current, applied voltageimmunoelectrophoresis: must be excess antibody and constant trough distance
Immunoassays:-radio: tracer/tag/label, counter-enzyme: horshradish, alp, g6pd-fluoresncent: fluorescein isothiocynate-chemiluminescent: chemical, light
48
Name of stationary phase, gas/liquid, height measured...Name of absorbant coated/solvent, screen for drugs/urine, has Rf(drug/solvent distance)...what adds sensitivity and specificity...
Name of stationary phase, gas/liquid, height measured...HPLC high performance liquid chromatographyName of absorbant coated/solvent, screen for drugs/urine, has Rf(drug/solvent distance)...TLC thin layer chromatographywhat adds sensitivity and specificity...M/S for gas
49
Porter Silber uses Phenyl-hydrazine to detect...Metabolite of androgens, Zimmerman detects...
Porter Silber uses Phenyl-hydrazine to detect...corticosterids*Porter=P=Phenyl=cortiMetabolite of androgens, Zimmerman detects...17KS*Zimmerman does 17KSPorter and Zimmerman do cortico-keto steroids
50
3 catecholamines adrenal medulla make:which ones have VMA, which one HVA
epi, norepi=VMAdopamine=HVA
51
Calcium versus Phosphorus, PTHPTH increases: Calcium, Vit D-PTH stimulates renal production of VitDPTH decreases: phosphateVit D increases: Calcium and phosphateCalcitonin increases: phosphateCalcitionin decreases: calcicium
Calcium:PTH, VitD increase*calcitonin decreasePhosphate:VitD, calcitonin increase*PTH decreaseCalcitonin decreases calciumPTH decrease PTH
52
methods for confirmation of drugs that are pos screens
gas chromatography and M/S
53
Immunosuppresives...
cyclo, tacro, siro
54
bronchodilator
theophylline
55
aminoglycoside=cin
vancomy-cin/glycopeptidegentamy-cintobramy-cinkanamy-cin
56
psychoactive=ine
lithiumimipram-inedespiram-ineamitri/nortriptyl-ine
57
anti epileptic
phenobarbitolphenytoinvalproic acidcarbamazepineethosuximide
58
antitumor,neoplastic
methothrexate
59
liproproteins from lighest to heavist:lipoprotein electrophoresis namesHDL:VLDL:LDL:migration from origin..
lighests chylo, vldl, ldl, hdllipoprotein electrophoresis namesHDL: alphaVLDL: prebetaLDL: betamigration from origin/cathod(-)chylo, beta, prebeta, alpha
60
Friedewald formula for LDL...elevated LDL/beta leads too...calculation of coronary risk index needs these two...Goals:TC:LDL:Trig:HDL:fast 12-16hrs
Friedewald formula for LDL...LDL=TC-(TG/5+HDL)elevated LDL/beta leads too...cardiovascular diseasecalculation of coronary risk index needs these two...TC, HDLGoals:TC: <200LDL: <100Trig: <150HDL: >35/60Apolipoproteins:HDL=ALDL/VLDL=B100chylo=B48
61
2 methods for fat:cholesterol: 90% liver, steroidsname, reagents, what does saponification step do triglyceride: 90% diet-enzyme, what is liberated
Liebermann Burchard:cholesterol-a.a., s.a.-saponification frees esters (chol-ester-ol)triglyceride:-lipase catlyzes hydrolysis of triglyceride into glycerol (tri-glycer-ide)
62
Polar hydrophiilic and nonpolar hydrophobic fatty acid chains, make up cell membraines-lecithin, sphingomyelin, phosphatidyl glycerolLong chain unsaturated fatty acids, activates/inactivates inflammation; stimulates clotting, cervix dilation/contractions
Phospholipids:Polar hydrophiilic and nonpolar hydrophobic fatty acid chains, make up cell membraines-lecithin, sphingomyelin, phosphatidyl glycerolProstaglandins: PGLong chain unsaturated fatty acids, activates/inactivates inflammation; stimulates clotting, cervix dilation/contractions
63
Urine PH 4.5-8Urine left at RT: alkalineincreaseddecreased
Urine RT:increased-nitrite/bacteria, turbidity-pH=ammonia normal is 4.5-6-false pos protein (increased pH)decreased-glucose(bacteria)-ketones, bili, urobilinogen -cells/casts lyse
64
smokey/red brown..dark red...dark yellow..dark yellow/orange/amber...brown black on standing...cloudy in freshly voided...
smokey/red brown..rbc, myoglobin,hmgdark red...poryrin, port winedark yellow..urobilinogendark yellow/orange/amber...bili, pyridumbrown black...homogentistic acid, melanincloudy freshly voided...wbcs
65
3 methods for sg
reagent strip (colorimetric)refractometerharmonic oscillation-densitometry, current
66
Casts made of formed in
made of tammhorsfall, distal convoluted tubule
67
CSF protein NV, what % plasma glucosenormal lymph versus mono
15-45 protein, 60% glucose70 lymph, 30 mono
68
Spermml, live, motile, #
2-5ml, 75 alive, 50 motile, 20-250million
69
Main reason for false negatives in urine
vit C-glucose, blood, bili, nitrite
70
Bleach and pigment will usuall cause false
posglucose, ketones, blood, bili, uro, leuko
71
4 protein methods for serum protein
Biuret: 2+ peptide bondsDye binding: albumin, -bromthymol/coomassie blue-Ponceau, amidoKjeldahl: nitrogenrefractometry: refractive index
72
two alpha 2 proteins that are acute phase proteins...one binds hmg the other copperlarge alpha 2 protein seen in nephrotic syndrome
haptoglobin, ceruplasminalpha1macroglobin
73
Most iron is in...storage form..transport iron...in muscles...
Most iron is in...hmgstorage form..ferritintransport iron...transferrinin muscles...myoglobin
74
renin...LH...FSH....HCG secreted by...-2 NON-indentical, NON-convalently bound subunits(alpha, beta)-highest in first trimester, seen w/in daysCorpus luteum makes this to maintain HCG and prepare uterus...
renin contorls BPLH induces ovulationFSH deal with egg/sperm, secretion of estrogen and testosteroneHCG placentaProgesterone maintains HCG, uterus
75
Catecholamines: metabolites, tumors
Epi/norepi: VMA-PheoDopamine: HVA-Neuro
76
Name ofT3, T4, TBG, what binds to T4,measured by3 best indicatiors for hypothyroidism
T3 triodothyronineT4 thyroxineThyroid binding globulin-binds to T4,Measured by T3uptakebest to use s-TSH, TT4,FT4
77
Hormone in bone/calcium metabolism..Hormone that stimulates renal to make VitD....
Hormone in bone/calcium metabolism...calcitoninHormone that stimulates renal to make VitD....PTH

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