virus818 Flashcards by Leah McAleer

Virus:
-either dna or rna not both
-obligate intracellular parasite
-no cell wall, no ribosomes, no growth on media

Capsid: Protein coating genome; made of capsomer

Capsomer: structural protein units make up capsid

Nucelocapsid:
-Nucleic acid and capsid

Envelope:
outer membrane around capsid, aids in attachement to host

Virion:
mature virus particle with a nucleic acid core surrounded by a protein coat, w/wout an envelope

Peplomer: spike protein

Bacteriophage, phage:
-virus that infects and replicates in bacteria/archaea
-proteins that encapsulate DNA/RNA, replicate in bacteria after injecting their genome in their cytoplasm

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Viral Diseases

Respiratory:
-flu,RSV, parainflu

Gastroenteritis
-noro, rota, adeno

Vesicles/lesions
-HSV, VZV/shingles

Cervical
-HPV

Meningitis
-HSV, entero

Immunocompromised
-CMV, EBV, HSV,

Hepatitis
-HAV, HBV, HCV

HIV

Coronavirus

1.)MERs
-arabian, camels
-respiratory failure from contact

SARS
-china, EIA/molecular

SARS-CoV2
-bat, china
-respiratory droplet
nasopharygeal swab
-RNA molecular and antigen assay
-Ab detection

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Viral diagnostic

1.)Direct detection:
-electron microscope
-light miscrope for inclusion bodies
-Fluorescent microscope, DFA(ab detects ag)
-PCR/nucleic acid probes
-Antigen/EIA: flu, rsv, rotavirus

2.)Virus isolation
-animal inoculation
-embryonated egg inoculation
-shell vial centrifugation
-in vitro cell culture: CPE
-cytopathic effects
-rounding, swelling, shrinking of cells

3.)Serology
-sera a week apart, 4fold rise in IgG diagnostic of infection
-ELISA: HepB blood donor
-EBV (heterophile, Monospot)
-Hep (ab markers)
-HIV, HTLV

Cell culture:
-Primary: from animals, isolates most viruses
-Diploid/finite: can only use one type of cell culture,
-Continuous: malignat/Hep2, HSV, RSV, adeno

Collect: 3 to 7 days w/in onset symp, viral shedding highest in early infection, decreases a few days after acute symptoms

-aspiration of secretions best
-swabs dacron/rayon
-VTM: Hanks balanced salt sln w/antibiotics

4C if not w/in 1 hr

(not blood)
-60C if not w/in 24hrs

tranport on dry ice

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What is the most common format for viral isolation?

Tube monolayer cell culture is the most common format for viral isolation. Tissue is minced and treated with an enzyme to disperse individual cells further. The cells are seeded onto a surface to form a monolayer in a tube or flask. Leukocyte culture, organ culture and laboratory animals are primarily reserved for specialized and research laboratories.

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Three potential viroterrism agents

echo viruses called

ebola
small pox
hanta (RNA, rodents)

Enteric cytopathic human orphan virus

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Cause of gastroenteritis kids winter

Rotavirus

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Infection can be reactivated with latent infection with

Herpesviridae

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two ways to inactivate viruses

10% bleach, 3-10min

2% glutaraldehydge, 1-10min

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DNA viruses

Adeno

HepB
Herpes 1/2

CMV
EBV
VZV

Parvo
Papillo (HPV)
Pox (small pox)

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Herpes viruses are RNA or DNA?

name some

Herpes: DNA

HSV1/2,6/8

VZV
EBV
CMV

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Hepadnavirus

Hep B

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Papillomavirus

HPV

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HSV 1 is oral or genital

HSV 2 is oral or genital

oral
genital

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Common RNA

-Coronavirus
-Orthomyxovirus/flu ABC
-Picornavirus/Rhinovirus: cold

-Calicivirus/Noro: gastroenteritis in US
-Reovirus/Rotavirus gastroenterotis in kids

-Retrovirus: HIV, HTLV

-Hep A

-Paramyxo: Mumps/Measles, RSV kids

-Rhabdo/Rabies

…

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orthomyxoviruses

flu a,b,c

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Flavi-viruses

Arbovirus, dengue, yellow
WN, St.luis

HCV

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Rhabdoviruses

Rabies

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Retro viruses

HIV, HTLV

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Reovirus

Rotavirus

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Paramyxovirus mostly kids, elderly, immunocomp

Measures, mumps
Paraflue
RSV
HMPV

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PCR
Ligase chain reaction
strand displacement amp all are nucleic acid amplification teq

not flow

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Lipase chain reaction:
Nucleic acid amplification

The ligase chain reaction (LCR) is a method of DNA amplification. The ligase chain reaction (LCR) is an amplification process that differs from PCR in that it involves a thermostable ligase to join two probes or other molecules together which can then be amplified by standard polymerase chain reaction (PCR) cycling

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Strand Displacement Amplification (SDA): Nucleic acid amp

Strand Displacement Amplification (SDA) is an isothermal, in vitro nucleic acid amplification technique

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Histoplasma, Crypto, Cocci, Blasto, Geotrichum all produce this kind of mycoses

systemic

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Dermatophytes, Microsporus produces this kind of mycoses

cutaneous/skin

Sporotrichum, Chromoblasto make this kind of mycoses

subcutaneous

Colorful bodies are found in which fungi

Chromoblastomycosis

Fungus of skin/hair/nails seen under woods lamp

Dermatoophytes

branching, intertwining of molds... branching hyphae grows downwards from anchor...

branching, intertwining of molds...mycelium branching hyphae grows downwards from anchor...rhizoids

asexual stage of yeasts... Asexual reproductive spore of fungi...

asexual stage of yeasts... blastocondia Asexual reproductive spore of fungi...conidia

3 dermatophytes, cutaneous

microsporum trichophyton epidermophyton

Dermatophyte macroconidia: thick walled, multi septate usually in kids microconidia: few/absent, club

Microsporum Micro, kids, macro Canis: dog Anthropophilic: humans

Dermatophyte Microconidia: predominant adults

Trichophyton Adults, Only one of three with microconidia

Dermatophyte Macroconidia: club shaped Microconidia: absent

Epidermophyton-club macro

Fungi in water damaged areas, mycotoxins

Stachybotrys

Fungi such as Rhizopus/Mucor, nonseptate, lid lifters

Mucormycosis

Infective form of dimorphic fungi for lab Best temp, days for mycology

hyphal which is the long branching w/nuclei 30C, 30 days

Two ingridients used in Mycosel SDA

chloram-phenicol cyclo-heximide

BHIA... For...

Brain Heart infused agar for fastidious fungi

Germ tube+ Pseudohyphae + Chlamydospores on cornmeal thrush

Candida albicans

Lung to brain, meningitis, systemic, capsule/mucoid bird/bat droppings Urea and birdseed agar used for

C.neoformans

Trichoophyton that is ureas po and penetrates hair shaft

T.mentagrophyte

Trichophyton that makes red pigment on dermatophyte medium

T. Rubrum R=red

Sclerotic bodies, subcutaneous Colored

Chromoblastomycosis

Systemic mycoses, true yeast India ink prep, serology of CSF, HIV wide refractive capsule

Cryto. neo

Three fungi with yeast in tissue phase of humans

H.capsulatum (blastospores, intracellular in phagocytes, tissue) B.dermatitidis (Broad based) -B for broad based Coccidiodies immits (thick walled spherule with endospores in tissue, keeps them alive in desert)

dimorphic, intracellular mononuclear cells yeast tissue phase yeast blastospores *Mycelial: thick walled tuberculate macrocondia Darlings disease Chix house,pidgeou coup

H.capsulatum Capsulatum is a darling, she's tuberculate w/chlamydospores and lives in phagocytes

Yeast with thick walled spherule with endospores in tissue Mycelial: Barrelshaped arthroconidia with alternating or spaces Valley fever

Coccidioides immitis

Dimorphic, Yeast: cigar shaped (tissue phase) at 37C, Mold: flower, rosette heads Roses Rose handlers disease, subcutaneous

S.schenkii Schenckii the rose gardener smokes cigars while growing flowers of conidia

dimorphic, broad based yeast, yeat in tissue gilchrist disease inhale conida/hyphal soil,wood,waterways conidia at tips (lolipops)

Blastomyces dermatitidis Gilchrist the farmer has dermatitidis and eats lollipops with broad yeast

Latin american agriculture Mariners wheel dimorphic Yeast mother surrounded by daughter buds mycelial: lolipops No NAT

Paracoccidioides brasiliensis There's lollipop mold and mariners wheels in brasil

San Jouqin valley fever, hot dry alkaline soil lab hazard, inhale arthroconida Yeast thick wall spherules endospores Mycelial barrel shape arthroconida/empty spaces sealed plates BSC 3 NAT

Coccidioides immitis Cocci immitis lives in the valley where there's barrels w/spaces and spheres with endospores

ascospores

sexual propagules of ascomycetes

blastoconidia

Yeast: asexual reproduction (budding)

arthroconidia

fungal spore produced by segmentation of preexisting fungal hyphae

chlamydospores

thick walled large resting spore, asexual

Name of yeast for Tinea versicolor Bottle shaped budding

Malassezia furfur

Opportunistic infection in AIDs, can't be cultured

Pneumocystis jiroveci

Two lid lifters, lab contaminant, zygomycetes

Rhizopus Mucor

Farmers lung, Hyaline

aspergillus

Fonsecaea and phialophora are two types of

Chromoblastomycosis

Where does the fungal infection Onychomycosis occur? a. Blood b. Hair c. Nails d. Skin

Nails Onychomycosis, which is infection of the nails, is most often caused by dermatophytes but also may be the result of infection by other fungi.

What fungi can generally be divided into two broad groups based on the appearance of the colonies formed in the clinical laboratory? Question 182Answer a. Cutaneous and subcutaneous b. Septate hyphae and aseptate hyphae c. Systemic and superficial d. Yeast and mold

Yeast and molds are the two groups’ fungi and are separated into based on colonies formed. Fungi can be further divided based on the infections produced and microscopic appearance. Yeasts form a smooth, creamy, bacteria-like colony. Molds have a fuzzy or woolly appearance due to formation of mycelia.

What test depends on Candida albicans being able to produce hyphae-like extensions from their yeast cells when placed in 0.5 mL of sheep or rabbit serum and incubated at 35 °C for no longer than three hours?

Examine under low power magnification. This allows an early identification of the most common and important yeast pathogen. Time of incubation is critical since other species produce a similar looking tubule with extended incubation.

Why are systemic mycoses historically grouped together? Question 197Answer a. They are opportunistic and primarily occur in immunocompromised patients, such as HIV b. They are present in the keratinized tissue of humans and animals; identified as dermatophytes c. They occur in patients from the same geographic area d. They are shared characteristics, such as mode of transmission, dimorphism, and dissemination

They are shared characteristics, such as mode of transmission, dimorphism, and dissemination Systemic mycoses are mostly caused by inhalation of the conidia, are dimorphic (able to grow in the mold form or in the lab in their yeast form) and disseminate to sites far removed from the portal of entry in a patient.

Where are KOH solutions of 10 – 20% useful for the identification of fungi? Question 200Answer a. Blood and body fluids b. Cerebrospinal fluid c. Feces, vomit, and saliva d. Skin, hair, and nails

Skin, hair, and nails are useful for the identification of fungi. Thin slices of tissue and mucoid specimens may be treated with a solution KOH to break down the proteinaceous material while leaving the fungal elements intact for identification.

virus818 Flashcards

(66 cards)