Aerobic Gram Positive Bacilli Flashcards
(408 cards)
1
Q
Non-spore forming, Non-branching Gram positive bacilli
A
MNEMONIC: GLECAL
* Gardnerella vaginalis
* Listeria
* Erysipelothrix
* Corynebacterium
* Arcanobacterium
* Lactobacillus
2
Q
Non-spore forming, Branching, Aerobic Actinomycetes
A
MNEMONIC: TANGRS
* Tsukamurella, or Tropheryma whipplei
* Aerobic actinomyces
* Nocardia
* Gordonia
* Rhodoccocus
* Streptomyces
3
Q
Non-spore forming, Non-branching, Catalase positive (+) Bacilli
A
- Corynebacterium
- Rothia
- Listeria
4
Q
Non-spore forming, Non-branching, Catalase negative (-) Bacilli
A
- Arcanobacterium and Trueperella
- Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
- Gardnerella vaginalis
- Lactobacillus
5
Q
It is also known as “Kleb Loeffler’s Bacillus”
A
Corynebacterium spp.
6
Q
Corynebacterium spp. are also known as _________.
A
Kleb Loeffler’s Bacillus
7
Q
Gram stain reaction and morphology of Corynebacterium spp.
A
Slightly curved, gram positive (+) rods with no parallel sides, and slightly wider ends producing a “club shape” or “coryneform” appearance
8
Q
Coryne means _______.
A
Club or club-shaped rods
9
Q
An organism characterized by its “club-shape” or “coryneform” appearance.
A
Corynebacterium spp.
10
Q
Corynebacterium spp. are also called as _________.
A
Diphtheroids
11
Q
_______ are also called as Diphtheroids.
A
Corynebacterium spp.
12
Q
Diphtheroids mean _________.
A
Diphtheria-like
13
Q
Corynebacterium spp. can be divided into _________ species.
A
Lipophilic and Non-lipophilic
14
Q
These are fastidious organisms that grow slowly on standard culture media, and must be incubated for at least 48 hours.
A
Lipophilic
15
Q
To enhance the growth of Lipophilic species, _______ must be added in the culture media.
A
Lipids
16
Q
Lipophilic species should be incubated for at least ________.
A
48 hours
17
Q
Virulence factors associated with Corynebacterium spp.
A
Diphtheria Toxin
18
Q
TRUE OR FALSE.
Diphtheria toxin is a heat-stable toxin.
A
False
Answer: heat-labile
19
Q
Diphtheria toxin is produced by __________.
A
C. diphtheriae strains that are infected with lysogenic β-phage
20
Q
Diphtheria toxin is produced by strains of C. diphtheriae infected with ______.
A
lysogenic β-phage
21
Q
__________ carries the gene “tox” for diphtheria toxin.
A
C. diphtheriae strains that are infected with lysogenic β-phage
22
Q
C. diphtheriae strains that are infected with lysogenic β-phage carries the gene _______ for diphtheria toxin.
A
tox
23
Q
Diphtheria toxin is a protein of _______ daltons (Da).
A
62,000 Da
24
Q
Diphtheria toxin is composed of _____ fragments.
A
2
25
Which fragment of Diphtheria toxin functions in cytotoxicity?
Fragment A
26
How is Fragement A of Diphtheria toxin virulent?
It functions in cytotoxicity
27
Which fragment of Diphtheria toxin functions in binding to receptors and mediates the entry of the other fragment?
Fragment B
28
How is Fragment B of Diphtheria toxin virulent?
It binds to receptors, and mediates the entry of Fragment A into the cytoplasm
29
Infections caused by *Corynebacterium diphtheriae*
* Respiratory diphtheria
* Cutaneous diphtheria
30
Which organism often stains irregularly when stained with methylene blue?
*Corynebacterium* spp.
31
*Corynebacterium* spp. often stained irregularly when stained with ________.
methylene blue
32
Metachromatic areas of *Corynebacterium diphtheriae* are called __________.
Babes-Ernst Granules
33
Babes-Ernst Granules represent the _________.
accumulation of polymerizes polyphosphates
34
Babes-Ernst Granules is a characteristic found in ________.
*Corynebacterium diphtheriae*
35
Aerotolerance of *Corynebacterium* spp.
Facultative anaerobe
36
Optimal growth temperature of *Corynebacterium* spp.
37 C
37
*Corynebacterium* spp. can multiply within the temperature range _______.
15 - 40 C
38
Can *Corynebacterium* spp. grow on nutrient agar?
Yes
39
How can *Corynebacterium* spp. grow better?
**By using a medium containing blood or serum such as:**
* Loeffler's serum
* Pai agar
40
*Corynebacterium* spp. produces a ______ of hemolysis.
very small zone of β-hemolysis
41
Which culture media is often used for *Corynebacterium diphtheriae*?
Cystine-Tellurite Blood Agar (CTBA)
42
What kind of medium is CTBA according to function?
Selective and Differential
43
Which inhibitor is present in CTBA?
Potassium tellurite
44
What does potassium tellurite do in CTBA?
Inhibits the growth of non-coryneform bacteria
45
It is a modification of the Tinsdale medium
Cystine-Tellurite Blood Agar (CTBA)
46
Cystine-Tellurite Blood Agar (CTBA) is a modification of ________.
Tinsdale Medium
47
Tinsdale medium components
* Sheep RBCs
* Bovine serum
* Cysteine
* Potassium tellurite
48
Describe the colonies of *Corynebacterium diphtheriae* when grown in CTBA
Black or Brown colonies
49
The black or brown colonies formed in CTBA is due to the _______.
reduction of tellurite
50
Which organisms form a brown halo when cultured in CTBA?
* *Corynebacterium diphtheriae*
* *Corynebacterium ulcerans*
* *Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis*
51
The brown halo formed by some organisms in CTBA is due to the ___________.
result of cystinase activity
52
Catalase reaction of *Corynebacterium* spp.
Positive (+)
53
Are *Corynebacterium* spp. motile?
No
54
Urease reaction of *Corynebacterium diphtheriae*
Negative (-)
55
Which carbohydrates does *Corynebacterium diphtheriae* ferment?
Glucose and Maltose
56
*Corynebacterium diphtheriae* can produce ______ but not ______.
acid, not gas
57
Nitrate to nitrite reduction result of *Corynebacterium diphtheriae*
Positive (+)
58
Test for toxigenity of *Corynebacterium* spp.
In-Vitro Test
59
In-vitro test is also known as ________.
ELEK Test
60
In-vitro test is a type of ________ test.
immunodiffusion
61
Treatment for *Corynebacterium* spp.
* Administration of Antitoxins (antibodies)
* Penicillin
* Erythromycin (for penicillin sensitive patients)
62
Drug of Choice for *Corynebacterium* spp.
Penicillin
63
______ can be used as a treatment against *Corynebacterium* spp. for patients who are penicillin sensitive.
Erythromycin
64
Which organism is characterized by its flat and dry, matte or waxy appearance, and is non-lipophilic?
*Corynebacterium amycolatum*
65
Describe the appearance of *Corynebacterium amycolatum*
Flat and dry, matte or waxy
66
Is *Corynebacterium amycolatum* lipophilic?
No
67
*Corynebacterium amycolatum* is resistant to ________.
**MNEMONIC: BFAMC**
* **β**-lactams
* **F**luoroquinolones
* **A**minoglycosides
* **M**acrolides
* **C**lindamycin
68
*Corynebacterium amycolatum* is ______ to various antimicrobial agents such as β-lactams, Fluoroquinolones, Aminoglycosides, Macrolides, and Clindamycin
resistant
69
*Corynebacterium amycolatum* is a normal microbiota of the _______.
skin
70
Which organism is named after Johnson and Kaye?
*Corynebacterium jeikeium*
71
*Corynebacterium jeikeium* is named after _________.
Johnson and Kaye
72
These are the first individuals who linked *C. jeikeium* to human infections.
Johnson and Kaye
73
Johnson and Kaye contribution
The first individuals who linked *C. jeikeium* to human infections
74
*Corynebacterium jeikeium* is a normal microbiota of the _____.
skin
75
_____ is the most common cause of *Corynebacterium* associated prosthetic valve endocarditis in adults.
*Corynebacterium jeikeium*
76
*Corynebacterium jeikeium* is the most common cause of ________.
*Corynebacterium* associated Prosthetic Valve Endocarditis
77
Other than prosthetic valve endocarditis, which infections can be caused by *C. jeikeium?*
* Septicemia
* Meningitis
* Prosthetic joint infections
* Rash
* Subcutaneous nodules
78
Is *Corynebacterium jeikeium* lipophilic?
Yes
79
Aerotolerance of *Corynebacterium jeikeium*
Strict aerobe
80
Is *Corynebacterium jeikeium* hemolytic?
No
81
Urease reaction of *Corynebacterium jeikeium*
Negative (-)
82
Nitrate reduction reaction of *Corynebacterium jeikeium*
Negative (-)
83
Drug of Choice for *Corynebacterium jeikeium*
Vancomycin
84
Which organism does not show the characteristic pleomorphic morphology?
*Corynebacterium pseudodiphtheriticum*
85
*Corynebacterium pseudodiphtheriticum* is not ______ in terms of morphology.
pleomorphic
86
*Corynebacterium pseudodiphtheriticum* often appears in _______.
palisades
87
*Corynebacterium pseudodiphtheriticum* is a normal flora of the ______.
nasopharynx
88
_______ can grow on standard laboratory media.
*Corynebacterium pseudodiphtheriticum*
89
*Corynebacterium pseudodiphtheriticum* can grow on __________.
standard laboratory media
90
Urease reaction of *Corynebacterium pseudodiphtheriticum*
Positive (+)
91
Nitrate reduction reaction of *Corynebacterium pseudodiphtheriticum*
Positive (+)
92
The respiratory infection produced by *Corynebacterium pseudodiphtheriticum* can mimic __________.
respiratory diphtheria
93
The respiratory infection produced by _______ can mimic respiratory diphtheria.
*Corynebacterium pseudodiphtheriticum*
94
Which *Corynebacterium* sp. is a veterinary pathogen?
* *Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis*
* *Corynebacterium ulcerans*
95
*Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis* is a ______ pathogen.
veterinary
96
*Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis* is the causative agent of __________.
Granulomatous Lymphadenitis
97
________ is the causative agent of Granulomatous Lymphadenitis.
*Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis*
98
*Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis* produces how many types of toxins?
2
99
2 types of toxins produced by *Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis*
1. Dermonecrotic toxin
2. Diphtheria toxin
100
It causes death of various cell types
Dermonecrotic toxin
101
What does dermonecrotic toxin do?
Cause death of various cell types
102
Urease reaction of *Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis*
Positive (+)
103
*Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis*, when cultured in ______ produces small, yellowish-white colonies.
SBA
104
Colonial appearance of *Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis* in SBA
Small, yellowish-white colonies
105
Which organism exhibits small, yellowish-white colonies on SBA?
*Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis*
106
Is *Corynebacterium striatum* lipophiilic?
No
107
Is *Corynebacterium striatum* pleomorphic?
Yes
108
Which organism produces small, shiny, colonies after 24 hours of incubation?
*Corynebacterium striatum*
109
Colonial appearance of *Corynebacterium striatum*
Small, shiny, convex colonies after 24 hours
110
*Corynebacterium striatum* is a normal flora of the _______.
skin
111
*Corynebacterium striatum* is associated with _______ infections.
nosocomial
112
*Corynebacterium striatum* is resistant to ________.
* β-lactams
* Fluoroquinolones
* Macrolides
* Penicillin
113
_________ is resistant to β-lactams, Fluoroquinolones, Macrolides, Penicillin
*Corynebacterium striatum*
114
*Corynebacterium striatum* is ________ to β-lactams, Fluoroquinolones, Macrolides, Penicillin
resistant
115
*Corynebacterium striatum* is susceptible to ________.
Vancomycin
116
*Corynebacterium ulcerans* grows well on _______.
SBA
117
*Corynebacterium ulcerans* exhibits a ________ of hemolysis on SBA.
Narrow zone of β-hemolysis
118
Which *Corynebacterium* sp. grows well on SBA and produces a narrow zone of β-hemolysis?
*Corynebacterium ulcerans*
119
Nitrate reduction reaction of *Corynebacterium ulcerans*
Negative (-)
120
Which characteristic differentiates *C. ulcerans* from *C. diphtheriae*?
(-) nitrate reduction
121
The nitrate reduction reaction of *C. ulcerans* differentiates it from ________.
*Corynebacterium diphtheriae*
122
Colonial apperance of *Corynebacterium ulcerans*
Grayish-white
123
Urease reaction of *Corynebacterium ulcerans*
Positive (+)
124
*Corynebacterium ulcerans* is a ______ pathogen.
veterinary
125
The causative agent of mastitis
*Corynebacterium ulcerans*
126
*Corynebacterium ulcerans* is the causative agent of _______.
Mastitis
127
Is *Corynebacterium urealyticum* lipophilic?
Yes
128
Aerotolerance of *Corynebacterium urealyticum*
Strict aerobe
129
*Corynebacterium urealyticum* is most commonly associated with _____.
UTIs
130
__________ is most commonly associated with UTIs.
*Corynebacterium urealyticum*
131
Colonial apperance of *Corynebacterium urealyticum*
Pinpoint, non-hemolytic, white colonies with coryneform apperance
132
Which organism exhibits pinpoint, non-hemolytic, white with coryneform appearance of colonies?
*Corynebacterium urealyticum*
133
Nitrate reduction reaction of *Corynebacterium urealyticum*
Negative (-)
134
Catalase reaction of *Corynebacterium urealyticum*
Positive (+)
135
Urease reaction of *Corynebacterium urealyticum*
Positive (+)
136
Drug of Choice for *Corynebacterium urealyticum*
Vancomycin
137
Gram stain reaction and morphology of *Rothia* spp.
Gram positive (+) cocci that can appear rod-shaped
138
Which organism is a gram positive (+) cocci that can appear rod-shaped?
*Rothia* spp.
139
*Rothia* spp. belong to the Family ________.
Micrococcaceae
140
Nitrate reaction of *Rothia* spp.
Positive (+)
141
Esculin hydrolysis reaction of *Rothia* spp.
Positive (+)
142
Urease reaction of *Rothia* spp.
Negative (-)
143
Are *Rothia* spp. motile?
No
144
Approximately 2/3 of *Rothia* spp. isolates are _________.
Catalase positive (+)
145
Approximately ______ of *Rothia* spp. are Catalase (+)
2/3
146
There are how many species of *Rothia*?
6
147
2 significant species of *Rothia*
* *Rothia mucillaginosa*
* *Rothia dentocariosa*
148
Which *Rothia* sp. is linked to bacteria, endocarditis, and pneumonia?
*Rothia mucillaginosa*
149
*Rothia mucillaginosa* is linked to _________.
Bacteremia, endocarditis, and pneumonia
150
Which *Rothia* sp. is a normal flora of the oropharynx and is found in the saliva?
*Rothia dentocariosa*
151
*Rothia dentocariosa* is a ________.
normal flora of the oropharnyx, and is found in the saliva
152
Microscopic characteristics of *Rothia* spp.
* Resembles coryneform bacilli
* Produces coccoid cells
153
Which microscopic characteristic of *Rothia* differentiates it from *Actinomycetes*?
Production of coccoid cells
154
*Listeria monocytogenes* is the causative agent of _________.
Listeriosis
155
________ is the causative agent of Listeriosis.
*Listeria monocytogenes*
156
It is an uncommon, but serious infection primarily of neonates, pregnant women, older patients, and immunocompromised hosts.
Listeriosis
157
Where can Listeriosis be recovered?
soil, water, and animal products
158
Virulence factors of *Listeria monocytogenes*
* Hemolysin (Listeriolysin O)
* Catalase
* Superoxide dismutase
* Phospholipase C
* Surface protein (p60)
159
Which virulence factor of *L. monocytogenes* damages the phagosome membrane, and prevents killing of organism by macrophages?
Hemolysin (Listeriolysin O)
160
How is hemolysin (listeriolysin O) virulent?
It damages the phagosome membrane, and prevents killing of the organism by macrophages
161
Which virulence factor of *L. monocytogenes* inhibits phagocytosis?
Surface protein (p60)
162
How is surface protein (p60) virulent?
It inhibits phagocytosis
163
Which stage of pregnancy can Listeriosis be identified?
Third trimester
164
How can Listeriosis affect pregnant women?
It can lead to spontaneous abortion and still-born neonates
165
Listeriosis in newborns is similar to the newborn infection of which bacterium?
*Streptococcus agalactiae*
166
Two Kinds of Listeriosis in Newborns
1. Early-onset Listeriosis
2. Late-onset Listeriosis
167
# **Which Kind of Listeriosis in Newborns?**
It causes illness shortly after birth (can form intrauterine infection, sepsis, amniotic fluid infection)
Early-onset Listeriosis
168
What can be the possible effects of Early-onset Listeriosis?
* Intrauterine infection
* Sepsis
* Infection within amniotic fluid
169
# **Which Kind of Listeriosis in Newborns?**
The disease can occur from several days to weeks
Late-onset Listeriosis
170
What can be the possible effects of Late-onset Listeriosis?
Meningitis
171
Microscopy of *Listeria monocytogenes*
Gram positive (+) coccobacilli arranged in singly, short chains, or palisades
172
Culture Medium of Choice for *Listeria monocytogenes*
McBride Medium
173
*Listeria monocytogenes* grows well on ________.
SBA, CAP, Nutrient Agar, BHI, and Thioglycolate Broth
174
Which organism is typically cultured in McBride Medium?
*Listeria monocytogenes*
175
Which organism is typically cultured in Cystine-Tellurite Blood Agar (CTBA)?
*Corynebacterium* spp.
176
*Listeria monocytogenes* prefers a __________.
slightly increased CO2
177
________ prefers a slightly increased CO2.
*Listeria monocytogenes*
178
Colonial apperance of *Listeria monocytogenes*
Small, round, smooth, and transluscent colonies surrounded by a narrow zone of β-hemolysis (can be seen after the colony has been removed)
179
Which organism exhibits the colonial characteristic of small, round, smooth, transluscent colonies surrounded by a narrow zone of β-hemolysis?
*Listeria monocytogenes*
180
The hemolytic pattern produced by *Listeria monocytogenes* can only be visualized _________.
if the colony is removed
181
Optimum growth temperature of *Listeria monocytogenes*
30 - 35 C
| But growth occurs over a wide range of 0.5 - 45 C
182
A technique which is used to isolate the organism from polymicrobial clinical specimens.
Cold Enrichment
183
Cold Enrichment is a technique used in the isolation of _________.
*Listeria monocytogenes*
184
*Listeria monocytogenes* can survive refrigerator temperature or 4 C under the condition of __________.
low pH and high salt concentration
185
Hippurate hydrolysis reaction of *Listeria monocytogenes*
Positive (+)
186
Which organism is (+) for Hippurate Hydrolysis test similar to *S. agalactiae*?
*Listeria monocytogenes*
187
Catalase reaction of *Listeria monocytogenes*
Positive (+)
188
Bile esculin hydrolysis reaction of *Listeria monocytogenes*
Positive (+)
189
Is *Listeria monocytogenes* motile?
Yes, at room temperature
190
191
Describe the motility of *Listeria monocytogenes* in wet mount preparations
Tumbling Motility (end-over-end motility)
192
It is an organism characterized by it **"tumbling motility (end-over-end motility)"** in wet mount preparations
*Listeria monocytogenes*
193
In motility medium, *Listeria monocytogenes* produces _________ pattern.
Umbrella
194
_______ produces an "umbrella" pattern in motility medium.
*Listeria monocytogenes*
195
How can we see the "umbrella" pattern made by *Listeria monocytogenes*?
By incubating the organism at 22 - 25 C (room temperature)
196
CAMP reaction of *Listeria monocytogenes*
Positive (+)
197
A pleomorphic rod that has a tendency to form long filaments.
*Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae*
198
Morphology of *Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae*
Pleomorphic rod that tends to form long filaments
199
The usual route of infection of *Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae* is through __________.
cuts or scratches on the skin
200
There are how many species in the genus *Erysipelothrix*?
3
201
What are the species under *Erysipelothrix*?
* *Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae*
* *Erysipelothrix tonsillarum*
* *Erysipelothrix inopinata*
202
Which *Erysipelothrix* sp. is the only species that causes disease in humans?
*Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae*
203
*Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae* is the causative agent of _________.
Erysipeloid
204
________ is the causative agent of Erysipeloid.
*Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae*
205
An infection caused by *Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae*, which is associated with endocarditis.
Septicemia
206
Infections caused by *Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae*
* Erysipeloid
* Septicemia
* Diffused cutaneous infections
207
Microscopy of *Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae*
* Thin rod-shaped, gram positive (+) organism that can form long filaments.
* Arranged in singly, short chains, or in a "V" shape
* Decolorizes easily, so it may appear gram variable
208
_______ decolorizes easily, so it may appear as gram variable.
*Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae*
209
*Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae* grows well on _________.
SBA and CAP
210
Colonial appearance of *Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae*
Non-hemolytic and pinpoint
211
Colonial appearance of *Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae* after 48 hours
* Small, smooth, transparent, glistening, convex colonies with entire edges
* Large, rough colonies with a flat and matte surface, curled structure, and irregular edges
212
Hemolytic pattern of *Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae*
α-hemolysis
213
Erysipeloid is also known as _______.
Whale finger or Seal finger
214
Catalase reaction of *Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae*
Negative (-)
215
Is *Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae* motile?
No
216
Aerotolerance of *Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae*
Aerobic or Facultative Anaerobic
217
H2S production of *Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae*
Positive (+)
218
Voges-Proskauer result of *Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae*
Negative (-)
219
Which pattern does *Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae* produce in gelatin stab culture?
Test tube brush-like
220
_____ produces a **"test tube brush-like"** pattern at 22 C in gelatin stab culture.
*Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae*
221
*Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae* produces a **"test tube brush-like"** pattern at what temperature in gelatin stab culture?
22 C
222
*Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae* produces a **"test tube brush-like"** pattern at 22 C in which culture media?
gelatin stab culture
223
*Arcanobacterium haemolyticum* is formerly known as ___________.
*Corynebacterium haemolyticum*
224
________ is formerly known as *Corynebacterium haemolyticum*
*Arcanobacterium haemolyticum*
225
*Trueperella pyogenes* is previously known as _________.
*Arcanobacterium pyogenes*
226
__________ is previously known as *Arcanobacterium pyogenes*
*Trueperella pyogenes*
227
An animal pathogen that is best known for causing infections in cattles.
*Trueperella pyogenes*
228
*Trueperella pyogenes* is an ______ pathogen.
animal
229
*Trueperella pyogenes* causes infections in _______.
cattles
230
*Trueperella bernardiae* is previously known as _________.
*Arcanobacterium bernardiae*
231
_______ is previously known as *Arcanobacterium bernardiae*
*Trueperella bernardiae*
232
Colonial appearance of *Arcanobacterium haemolyticum* on BAP
Small colonies surrounded by a narrow zone of β-hemolysis after 24 to 48 hours of incubation
233
A _______ is observed in *A. haemolyticum* when the colony is scraped.
black opaque dot
234
The distinct black opaque dot feature is seen in ________.
*Arcanobacterium haemolyticum*
235
How can we see the black opaque dot exhibited by *Arcanobacterium haemolyticum*?
By scraping the colonies
236
________ is capable of pitting the agar.
*Arcanobacterium haemolyticum*
237
Lipase reaction of *Arcanobacterium haemolyticum*
Positive (+)
238
Lecithinase reaction of *Arcanobacterium haemolyticum*
Positive (+)
239
Can *Arcanobacterium haemolyticum* exhibit a reverse CAMP reaction?
Yes
240
Gram stain reaction and morphology of *Gardnerella vaginalis*
Short, pleomorphic, gram positive rods, or coccobacillus
241
Is *Gardnerella vaginalis* gram variable?
Yes
242
*Gardnerella vaginalis* is a normal flora of the __________.
urogenital tract
243
*Gardnerella vaginalis* is the causative agent of _______.
Bacterial Vaginosis
244
________ is the causative agent of Bacterial Vaginosis
*Gardnerella vaginalis*
245
Bacterial vaginosis results from _______.
reduction of *Lactobacillus* in the vagina
246
Bacterial vaginosis is characterized by _________.
* Malodorous discharge
* pH >4.5
247
Microscopy of *Gardnerella vaginalis*
Clue Cells
248
Large squamous epithelial cells with gram positive/variable bacilli
*Gardnerella vaginalis*
249
Morphology of clue cells
Large squamous epithelial cells that are gram (+) or variable bacilli
250
Clue cells are a characteristic of ___________.
*Gardnerella vaginalis*
251
The presence of _______ aids in the diagnosis of BV.
clue cells
252
Which is used for the diagnosis of Bacterial Vaginosis?
Amsel's Clinical Criteria
253
Indications under Amsel's Clinical Criteria
* Homogenous, thin, white discharge
* Clue cells
* pH >4.5
* Fishy odor before and after the addition of 10% potassium hydroxide (whiff test)
254
How is whiff test performed?
10% potassium hydroxide is added to the vaginal discharge to note its fishy odor
255
*Gardnerella vaginalis* grows best in ___________.
5-7% CO2 at 35-37 C
256
Colonial appearance of *Gardnerella vaginalis* on SBA
Pinpoint, non-hemolytic
257
Culture media of choice for *Gardnerella vaginalis*
Human Blood Bilayer Tween Agar (HBT)
258
Aerobic, branching, beaded, gram positive (+) bacilli
*Nocardia* spp.
259
*Nocardia* spp. gram stain and morphology
Aerobic, branching, beaded, gram positive (+) bacilli
260
Are *Nocardia* spp. acid-fast organisms?
Yes, they are partially acid-fast
261
The colonies and microscopic morphology of *Nocardia* spp. resemble _______.
fungi
262
The colonies and microscopic morphology of _____ resemble fungi.
*Nocardia* spp.
263
Virulence factors of *Nocardia* spp.
**No identified virulence factors, but virulence has been associated with alterations in the cell wall:**
* Superoxide dismutase and Catalase
* Iron-chelating compound called Nocobactin
264
How is the superoxide dismutase and catalase of *Nocardia* spp. virulent?
They provide resistance to oxidative killing by phagocytes
265
It is an iron-chelating compound found in *Nocardia* spp.
Nocobactin
266
Nocobactin is found in ________.
*Nocardia* spp.
267
Nocobactin is an _____ compound.
iron-chelating
268
Infections caused by *Nocardia* spp.
* **Pulmonary Infection** (confluent bronchopneumonia)
* **Cutaneous infection** (nocardiosis and actinomycotic mycetomas)
269
Describe the appearance of sputum when infected with bronchopneumonia
Thick and purulent
270
_______ is the most common frequent cause of cutaneous nocardiosis and actinomycotic mycetomas.
*Nocardia brasiliensis*
271
*Nocardia brasiliensis* is the most common frequent cause of ___________.
Cutaneous nocardiosis and Actinomycotic mycetomas
272
Describe the appearance of pus of the cutaneous infection caused by *Nocardia* spp.
Pigmented and contains yellow or orange sulfur granules
273
Microscopy of *Nocardia* spp.
Gram positive (+), beaded, branching filaments
274
Culture medium for *Nocardia* spp.
* Modified Thayer-Martin Agar
* Buffered Charcoal Yeast Extract Agar
275
Buffered Charcoal Yeast Extract Agar is a _______ medium.
non-selective
276
Colonial apperance of *Nocardia* spp.
* Chalky, matte, velvety, or powdery appearance and may be white, yellow, pink, orange, peach, tan, and gray
* Dry and crumbly appearance, similar to breadcrumbs
277
*Actinomadura* spp. is the causative agent of ______.
Mycetomas
278
________ is the causative agent of Mycetomas.
*Actinomadura* spp.
279
The microscopic and colonial morphology of *Actinomadura* spp. are very similar to those of ______.
*Nocardia* spp.
280
The microscopic and colonial morphology of ________ are very similar to those of *Nocardia* spp.
*Actinomadura* spp.
281
What differentiates *Actinomadura* spp. from *Nocardia* spp.?
*Actinomadura* spp. are cellobiose and xylose (+), while *Nocardia* spp. aren't
282
Species under *Actinomadura*
* *Actinomadura madurae*
* *Actinomadura pelletieri*
283
These are primarily saprophytes found as soil inhabitants and resemble other aerobic actinomycetes with regard to morphology and the diseases they cause.
*Streptomyces* spp.
284
*Streptomyces* spp. are ______ found as soil inhabitants.
saprophytes
285
*Streptomyces somaliensis* is associated with ________.
Actinomycotic Mycetoma
286
____________ is associated with Actinomycotic Mycetoma.
*Streptomyces somaliensis*
287
*Streptomyces anulatus* is formerly known as ________.
*Streptomyces griseus*
288
_______ is formerly known as *Streptomyces griseus*
*Streptomyces anulatus*
289
*Streptomyces anulatus* has been increasingly isolated from many clinical specimens including ________.
sputum, wound, blood, brain
290
Catalase reaction of *Gordonia* spp.
Positive (+)
291
Are *Gordonia* spp. gram variable?
Yes
292
Are *Gordonia* spp. acid-fast?
Yes, partially
293
Are *Gordonia* spp. motile?
No
294
_____ grows with mycelial form that fragment into rod-shaped or coccoid elements.
*Gordonia* spp.
295
They are termed as "Nocardioform"
*Gordonia* spp.
296
*Gordonia* spp. are termed as ________.
Nocardioform
297
Why are *Gordonia* spp. termed as "nocardioform"?
Because they grow with mycelial forms that fragment into rod-shaped or coccoid elements
298
How are *Gordonia* spp. different from *Mycobacteria* spp.?
Due to their weak acid-fastness and absence of arylsulfatase
299
It is found in soil and causes respiratory tract infections in animals.
*Rhodococcus equi*
300
*Rhodococcus equi* is found in ______.
soil
301
*Rhodococcus equi* causes ______.
respiratory tract infections in animals
302
Human infections caused by _______ is rare.
*Rhodococcus equi*
303
Is *Rhodococcus equi* acid-fast?
Yes (or partially)
304
______ is the causative agent of Whipple Disease.
*Tropheryma whipplei*
305
*Tropheryma whipplei* is the causative agent of _________.
Whipple Disease
306
A rare bacterial disease which often affects the joints and digestive system.
Whipple Disease
307
Whipple disease is a rare bacterial disease which often affects the ______.
joints and digestive system
308
*Tropheryma whipplei* is a _______ pathogen.
facultative intracellular
309
When and how is *Tropheryma whipplei* identified?
1991, with the use of PCR from duodenal biopsy specimen
310
*Tropheryma whipplei* is detected in _______.
human feces, saliva, and gastric secretions
311
Spore-forming, Non-branching, Catalase positive (+) Bacilli
*Bacillus*
312
Are *Bacillus* spp. gram-variable?
Yes
313
Aerotolerance of *Bacillus* spp.
Aerobic or Facultative Anaerobic
314
Some *Bacillus* spp. are ______ that grow best at 55 C or higher.
thermophiles
315
*Bacillus* spp. grow best at ______.
55 C or higher
316
*Bacillus anthracis* is the causative agent of _______.
Anthrax
317
______ is the causative agent of Anthrax.
*Bacillus anthracis*
318
Virulence factors of *Bacillus anthracis*
* Capsule
* Anthrax Toxin
319
How is the capsule of *Bacillus anthracis* virulent?
It protects from phagocytosis
320
The capsule of *B. anthracis* is a polypeptide of ________.
D-glutamic acid
321
The capsule of *B. anthracis* is a ________ of D-glutamic acid.
polypeptide
322
The capsule of ________ is a polypeptide of D-glutamic acid.
*Bacillus anthracis*
323
The ____ of *B. anthracis* is a polypeptide of D-glutamic acid.
capsule
324
Anthrax toxin contains how many proteins?
3
325
Proteins under Anthrax toxin
* Protective Antigen (PA)
* Edema Toxin (EF)
* Lethal Toxin (LF)
326
How is the PA of *B. anthracis* virulent?
It combines with EF and LF to produce a cytotoxic and immunomodulating effect.
327
It combines with EF and LF to produce a cytotoxic and immunomodulating effect.
Protective Antigen (PA)
328
Infections caused by *Bacillus anthracis*
* Cutaneous Anthrax
* Inhalation Anthrax
* Gastrointestinal Anthrax
* Injectional Anthrax
329
It occurs when wounds are contaminated with anthrax spores acquired through skin cuts, abrasion, or insect bites.
Wound Anthrax
330
How is cutaneous anthrax developed?
When the wound is contaminated by anthrax spores
331
How are cutaneous anthrax spores transmitted?
Through skin cuts, abrasion, and insect bites
332
# **Cutaneous Anthrax**
A small pimple or papule appears ____ after exposure.
2-3 days
333
# **Cutaneous Anthrax**
A ________ appears 2-3 days after exposure.
small pimple or papule
334
# **Cutaneous Anthrax**
A ring vesicle develops, forming _______.
erythematous ring
335
The depressed black necrotic central area that forms when the small dark area of the ring ulcerates and dries is called _______.
Eschar or Black Eschar or Malignant Pustule
336
How is Eschar formed?
When the small dark area of the erythematous ring ulcerates and dries
337
Usually, the lesions of cutaneous anthrax is _______.
painless and does not produce pus
338
Inhalation anthrax is also known as ______.
Whoolsorter's Disease
339
________ is also known as Whoolsorter's Disease.
Inhalation anthrax
340
It is acquired when spores are inhaled into the pulmonary parenchyma.
Inhalation Anthrax
341
How is Inhalation Anthrax acquired?
It is acquired when spores are inhaled into the pulmonary parenchyma
342
It occurs when spores are inoculated into a lesion in the intestinal mucosa after ingestion of spores.
Gastrointestinal Anthrax
343
How is Gastrointestinal Anthrax acquired?
Through the inoculation of spores in the intestinal mucosa after ingestion
344
It is characterized by soft tissue infection associated with "skin popping" or other forms of injection drug use and results from the direct injection of the spores into the tissue.
Injectional Anthrax
345
How is Injectional Anthrax acquired?
Through the direct injection of the spore into the tissue
346
Microscopy of *Bacillus anthracis*
Large, square-ended, gram positive to variable rods (bamboo rods)
347
What happens when *B. anthracis* is sub-cultured?
Capsule production ceases
348
Capsule production ceases when _____ is sub-cultured.
*Bacillus anthracis*
349
Incubation of *Bacillus anthracis*
In an atmosphere with increased CO2
350
What happens when *B. anthracis* is incubated in an atmosphere with increased CO2?
Capsule production is stimulated
351
Capsule production is stimulated when _____ is incubated in an atmosphere with increased CO2.
*Bacillus anthracis*
352
Colonial characteristics of *Bacillus anthracis* on SBA
Non-hemolytic, large, gray, and flat with irregular margins due to outgrowth of long, filamentous projections
353
"Medusa head"
*Bacillus anthracis*
354
"Beaten egg whites"
*Bacillus anthracis*
355
Consistency of *Bacillus anthracis* colonies
Tenacious
356
It exhibits a "cut-glass" appearance in transmitted light
*Bacillus anthracis*
357
*Bacillus anthracis* exhibits a _____ in transmitted light.
cut-glass appearance
358
Catalase reaction of *Bacillus anthracis*
Positive (+)
359
Is *Bacillus anthracis* motile?
No
360
Which carbohydrate/s can be fermented by *Bacillus anthracis*?
glucose
361
It produces an opaque zone around the colonies growing on egg yolk agar
*Bacillus anthracis*
362
*Bacillus anthracis* produces an ____ around the colonies growing on egg yolk agar.
opaque zone
363
Salt concentration of *Bacillus anthracis*
7%
364
*Bacillus anthracis* has a ____ pH
low
365
*Bacillus anthracis* is susceptible to ____.
penicillin (10 U/mL)
366
*Bacillus anthracis* is _____ to penicillin (10 U/mL).
susceptible
367
*Bacillus anthracis* capsule production can be detected by _______.
India Ink Staining
368
# **Differentiation of *Bacillus antracis* and *Bacillus cereus***
***Bacillus anthracis***
Hemolysis on SBA
-
369
# **Differentiation of *Bacillus antracis* and *Bacillus cereus***
***Bacillus cereus***
Hemolysis on SBA
+
370
# **Differentiation of *Bacillus antracis* and *Bacillus cereus***
***Bacillus anthracis***
Motility
-
371
# **Differentiation of *Bacillus antracis* and *Bacillus cereus***
***Bacillus cereus***
Motility
+
372
# **Differentiation of *Bacillus anthracis* and *Bacillus cereus***
***Bacillus anthracis***
Penicillin susceptibility
S
373
# **Differentiation of *Bacillus antracis* and *Bacillus cereus***
***Bacillus cereus***
Penicillin susceptibility
R
374
# **Differentiation of *Bacillus antracis* and *Bacillus cereus***
***Bacillus anthracis***
Lecithinase production
+
375
# **Differentiation of *Bacillus antracis* and *Bacillus cereus***
***Bacillus cereus***
Lecithinase production
+
376
# **Differentiation of *Bacillus antracis* and *Bacillus cereus***
***Bacillus anthracis***
Fermentation of salicin
-
377
# **Differentiation of *Bacillus antracis* and *Bacillus cereus***
***Bacillus cereus***
Fermentation of salicin
+/-
378
# **Differentiation of *Bacillus antracis* and *Bacillus cereus***
***Bacillus anthracis***
Growth in penicillin (10 U/mL) agar
-
379
# **Differentiation of *Bacillus antracis* and *Bacillus cereus***
***Bacillus cereus***
Growth in penicillin (10 U/mL) agar
+
380
# **Differentiation of *Bacillus antracis* and *Bacillus cereus***
***Bacillus anthracis***
Gelatin hydrolysis
-
381
# **Differentiation of *Bacillus antracis* and *Bacillus cereus***
***Bacillus cereus***
Gelatin hydrolysis
+
382
# **Differentiation of *Bacillus antracis* and *Bacillus cereus***
***Bacillus anthracis***
Growth on phenylethyl alcohol agar
-
383
# **Differentiation of *Bacillus antracis* and *Bacillus cereus***
***Bacillus cereus***
Growth on phenylethyl alcohol agar
+
384
A common cause of food poisoning and opportunistic infections.
*Bacillus cereus*
385
An important cause of eye infections
*Bacillus cereus*
386
Virulence factor of *Bacillus cereus*
**Enterotoxin**
* Diarrheal
* Emetic
387
*Bacillus cereus* is grown ______ at 37 C on SBA
anaerobically
388
*Bacillus cereus* culture medium and incubation period
Grown anaerobically at 37 C on SBA
389
Colonial appearance of *Bacillus cereus*
β-hemolytic, frosted glass appearing colonies
390
Is *Bacillus cereus motile?*
Yes
391
"Frosted-glass" colonies
*Bacillus cereus*
392
# **Comparison of Enterotoxins Produced by *Bacillus cereus***
* **Characteristic:** Incubation period
* **Type of Enterotoxin:** Diarrheal
8-16 hours
393
# **Comparison of Enterotoxins Produced by *Bacillus cereus***
**Characteristic:** Incubation period
**Type of Enterotoxin:** Emetic
1-5 hours
394
# **Comparison of Enterotoxins Produced by *Bacillus cereus***
**Characteristic:** Diarrhea
**Type of Enterotoxin:** Diarrheal
Very common
395
# **Comparison of Enterotoxins Produced by *Bacillus cereus***
**Characteristic:** Diarrhea
**Type of Enterotoxin:** Emetic
Fairly common
396
# **Comparison of Enterotoxins Produced by *Bacillus cereus***
**Characteristic:** Vomiting
**Type of Enterotoxin:** Diarrheal
Occasional
397
# **Comparison of Enterotoxins Produced by *Bacillus cereus***
**Characteristic:** Vomiting
**Type of Enterotoxin:** Emetic
Very common
398
# **Comparison of Enterotoxins Produced by *Bacillus cereus***
**Characteristic:** Duration of illness
**Type of Enterotoxin:** Diarrheal
12-24 hours
399
# **Comparison of Enterotoxins Produced by *Bacillus cereus***
**Characteristic:** Duration of illness
**Type of Enterotoxin:** Emetic
6-24 hours
400
# **Comparison of Enterotoxins Produced by *Bacillus cereus***
**Characteristic:** Foods implicated
**Type of Enterotoxin:** Diarrheal
* Meat
* Soups
* Vegetables
* Puddings
* Sauces
401
# **Comparison of Enterotoxins Produced by *Bacillus cereus***
**Characteristic:** Foods implicated
**Type of Enterotoxin:** Emetic
Fried or Boiled rice
402
# **Comparison of Enterotoxins Produced by *Bacillus cereus***
**Characteristic:** Molecular weight
**Type of Enterotoxin:** Diarrheal
= 50,000
403
# **Comparison of Enterotoxins Produced by *Bacillus cereus***
**Characteristic:** Molecular weight
**Type of Enterotoxin:** Emetic
<5000
404
# **Comparison of Enterotoxins Produced by *Bacillus cereus***
**Characteristic:** Stability to heat
**Type of Enterotoxin:** Diarrheal
-
405
# **Comparison of Enterotoxins Produced by *Bacillus cereus***
**Characteristic:** Stability to heat
**Type of Enterotoxin:** Emetic
+
406
# **Comparison of Enterotoxins Produced by *Bacillus cereus***
**Characteristic:** Stimulation of adenylate cyclase-cAMP system
**Type of Enterotoxin:** Diarrheal
+
407
# **Comparison of Enterotoxins Produced by *Bacillus cereus***
**Characteristic:** Stimulation of adenylate cyclase-cAMP system
**Type of Enterotoxin:** Emetic
-
408
Other *Bacillus* species
* *B. subtilis*
* *B. licheniformis*
* *B. circulans*
* *B. pumilus*
* *B. sphaericus*
