Introduction to Diagnostic Bacteriology Flashcards
1
Q
If prokaryotes don’t have a nuclear membrane, what do they have instead?
A
nucleoid region
2
Q
He devised the word “sterile.”
A
Ferdinand Cohn
3
Q
How can you say that a nucleus is a true nucleus?
A
If it is enclosed in a nuclear membrane.
4
Q
He devised a microbial control method wherein heating and resting is repeated.
A
John Tyndall
5
Q
These are microbes that is characterized by the presence of organelles; living organisms
A
Cellular
6
Q
Key Scientist:
Contribution: Spontaneous Generation disproved
A
Louis Pasteur
7
Q
Ferdinand Cohn contribution in 1849
A
He developed a histological tissue stain that are vegetable dyes.
8
Q
These are non-pathogenic microorganisms that reside in the human body.
A
Normal Flora
9
Q
These are pathogenic determinants that determine if a certain bacteria causes infection or not.
A
Virulence Factors
10
Q
These are bacteria that requires oxygen for growth.
A
Aerobes
11
Q
Period:
Contribution: DNA sequencing method
A
1977
12
Q
It is characterized by a rapid/sudden onset of signs and symptoms which are usually severe to fatal that may lead to death.
A
Acute Infection
13
Q
These are very simple microbes that depend on their host cell for survival and replication.
A
Virus
14
Q
Epidemics of plague also occurred in Greece around _________.
A
430 BC
15
Q
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes are under __________.
A
Cellular Microbes
16
Q
The two temperatures for Pasteurization.
A
60 - 65 C (30 mins)
70 - 75 C (15 mins)
17
Q
What is the magnification of Leeuwenhoek’s simple microscope?
A
30x - 200x
18
Q
Key Scientist:
Contribution: Observation of “little animals”
A
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
19
Q
Give example/s of non-sterile specimens
A
stool, urine, sputum
20
Q
Key Scientist:
Contribution: Petri-dish
A
Richard J. Petri
21
Q
The establishment of substantial amount of microorganisms.
A
Colonization
22
Q
Key Scientist:
Contribution: First Rabies Vaccination
A
Louis Pasteur
23
Q
What does ubiquitous mean?
A
virtually everywhere
24
Q
Period:
Contribution: Koch’s Postulate
A
1882
25
What does the theory of spontaneous generation state?
Life can arise from non-living matter.
26
Period:
Contribution: Petri-dish
1887
27
Key Scientist:
Contribution: Anaerobic Jars
McIntosh and Filde
28
This refers to to readily observable evidence of disease; physical manifestation
Signs
29
Plague is an example of a ___________ infection.
Zoonotic
30
Two Classifications of Microbes
Cellular and Acellular
31
Syphilis was carried to Europe by the _________.
Native Americans
32
Period:
Contribution: Gram Staining
1884
33
It was the year when Leeuwenhoek first documented and recorded the specimen.
1684
34
The ability of an organism to cause disease in a host.
Pathogenicity
35
The first form of Plague is the ___________.
Bubonic Plague
36
What are spores?
It's like an armor that resists adverse conditions.
37
An infection which can be acquired from animals
Zoonotic Infection (Zoonosis)
38
Key Scientist:
Contribution: Advocating Handwashing
Ignaz Semmelweis
39
Which bacteria did Koch notice that does not get affected by ordinary stain?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
40
Period:
Contribution: Proof that mosquitos carry the agent of yellow fever
1900
41
Enumerate example/s of endogenous infection
S. pneumoniae, UTI, Septicemia (explain)
42
He clarified that heat would sometimes fail to eliminate all microorganisms.
Ferdinand Cohn
43
What were the two bacteria that Koch discovered to be the cause of tuberculosis and cholera?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Vibrio cholerae
44
Which organelles do prokaryotes have?
nucleoid region and ribosomes
45
He showed quite clearly that women became infected in the maternity ward after examinations by physicians coming directly from the autopsy room.
Dr. Ignaz Semmelweis
46
How is Yersinia pestis transmitted?
Through the bite of a rat flea
47
Bacteria reproduces ____________.
asexually (via binary fission)
48
Virus and Prions are under ____________.
Acellular Microbes
49
Period:
Contribution: Utilization of solid culture media
1881
50
The first recorded epidemic was ____________.
Pestilence or Plague
51
Syphilis was brought to Portugal by __________.
Christopher Columbus
52
Key Scientist:
Contribution: Syphilis cure
Paul Erlich
53
Key Scientist:
Contribution: Discovery of Bacillus anthracis
Robert Koch
54
It is an Egyptian medical list of diseases and its treatment.
Ebers Papyrus
55
Leeuwenhoek is the Father of _____________.
Microbiology, Bacteriology, and Protozoology
56
These are characteristics that are visible, or observable.
Phenotypical
57
It is an infectious disease that is capabale of spreading from person-to-person.
Communicable Disease
58
These are specimens obtained from sites without normal flora.
Sterile Specimens
59
Period:
Contribution: Publication of the paper supporting germ theory of disease
1862
60
Algae, Fungi, and Protozoa is under __________.
Eukaryotes
61
An infection that arises from colonizing flora.
Endogenous Infection
62
Why can't M. tuberculosis be stained methylene blue?
It has a high fatty-acid content which make its cell wall waxy
63
Period:
Contribution: Viruses
1892
64
Koch also developed methods of ________________ bacteria.
staining, fixing, photographing, and cultivating
65
What date was Ebers Papyrus encountered?
1500 BC
66
Period:
Contribution: Smallpox Vaccination - first scientific validation
1796
67
Briefly explain John Tyndall's contribution
- He provided initial evidence that some microbes have high heat resistance thus, more vigorous treatment is required.
- Tyndallization
68
Give examples of fastidious bacteria
Neisseria (iron) and Haemophilus (blood)
69
These microbes contain both RNA and DNA, are capable for self-replication, and has a complex cell wall structure.
Bacteria
70
Key Scientist:
Contribution: Enrichment Culture Media
Martinus Beijerinck
71
Period:
Contribution: Observation of "little animals"
1667
72
Period:
Contribution: Spontaneous Generation disproved
1861
73
These are parts of the body with normal flora.
Non-sterile Sites
74
It is characterized by a gradual onset of signs and symptoms that are usually mild to moderate that may lead to long standing disease.
Chronic Infection
75
They grow under standard requirements, but they have an additional requirement to grow.
Fastidious Bacteria
76
Types of Infection Based on Clinical Onset of Signs and Symptoms
Acute and Chronic
77
Period:
Contribution: Practice of Antiseptic Surgery
1867
78
Syphilis, which was the most common disease back then, is caused by _________.
Treponema pallidum
79
Types of Infection Based on the Source of Pathogen
Endogenous and Exogenous
80
Key Scientist:
Contribution: Viruses
Dmitiri Iosifovich Ivanovsky
81
Period:
Contribution: Publication of the first description of microbes
1665
82
An altered health state in an infected host.
Disease
83
Period:
Contribution: Zoonosis First Description
1893
84
Key Scientist:
Contribution: Acid-fast stain
Paul Erlich
85
Period:
Contribution: DNA model
1953
86
This refers to any subjective evidence of disease; perception of patient.
Symptoms
87
A pathogen that infected a healthy host and survived the immune system is called __________.
True Pathogen
88
___________ have nuclear membrane, thus they have a true nucleus.
Eukaryotes
89
It is also known as the "black plague."
Septicemic Plague
90
Key Scientist:
Contribution: Utilization of solid culture media
Robert Koch
91
A fungi that is multi-celled is called ____________.
Molds
92
The Four Groups of Microbes are:
Bacteria, Virus, Fungi, Parasite
93
Enumerate the 3 features that enable a pathogen to cause disease in a host.
genetic, biochemical, or structural features
94
Methylene Blue was discovered in _________.
1876
95
What occurred in China back in 1122 BC?
Smallpox
96
Helmont proposed his proposal in the _________.
17th Century
97
A pathogen that infected an immunocompromised host is called ____________.
Opportunistic Pathogen
98
How can we identify medically important bacteria?
Through their phenotypical and genotypical characteristics.
99
It is a technique where methylene blue is employed with heat to melt the waxy cell wall.
Acid Fast Stain
100
Prokaryotes have __________ cellular organelles.
incomplete
101
Key Scientist:
Contribution: Koch's Postulate
Robert Koch
102
Ferdinand Cohn contribution in 1872
He developed and discovered basal media.
103
Epidemics of plague occurred in Rome in ________.
790, 710, 640 BC
104
It is an illness caused by a pathogen which invades the body tissues and causes damage.
Infectious Disease
105
Two Types of Immunity
Cellular and Humoral
106
Key Scientist:
Contribution: Gram Staining
Hans Christian Gram
107
Types of Infection Based on Etiological/Causative Agent
Nosocomial and Zoonotic (Zoonosis)
108
The degree of pathogenicity; the power by which a pathogen can cause severe disease.
Virulence
109
Microbes are said to be _____________.
ubiquitous
110
Give example/s of macroscopic phenotypical characteristics
colonial morphology (bacterial growth in culture)
111
Key Scientist:
Contribution: Presence of flagella
Friedrich Loeffler
112
Period:
Contribution: first microbial genomic sequence
1995
113
Key Scientist:
Contribution: Autoclave
Chamberland
114
An infection associated with the presence of overt signs and symptoms of the disease.
Clinical/Symptomatic/Apparent
115
Key Scientist:
Contribution: DNA model
J. Watson and F. Crick
116
Key Scientist:
Contribution: Publication of the first description of microbes
Robert Hooke
117
Sterile means ____________.
completely free of all life forms
118
Key Scientist:
Contribution: Smallpox Vaccination - first scientific validation
Edward Jenner
119
Give example/s of non-sterile sites
GI tract, urinary tract, respiratory tract
120
It is acquired from the inhalation of aerosolized feces, urine, or saliva of rodents.
Pulmonary/Pneumonic Plague
121
A fungi that exists in two forms is called __________.
Dimorphic Fungi
122
Who is the Father of Handwashing
Dr. Ignaz Semmelweis
123
A fungi that is single-celled is called ___________.
Yeasts
124
Period:
Contribution: First Rabies Vaccination
1885
125
Key Scientist:
Contribution: Viral dependence of viruses
Martinus Beijerinck
126
Period:
Contribution: Discovery of Bacillus antracis
1876
127
Key Scientist:
Contribution: Penicillin Discovery
Alexander Fleming
128
Period:
Contribution: Autoclave
1884
129
These are specimens obtained from sites with normal flora.
Non-sterile specimens
130
__________ does not have a nuclear membrane.
Prokaryotes
131
Archaea and Bacteria is under ___________.
Prokaryotes
132
Period:
Contribution: Viral dependence of viruses
1899
133
He is the major proponent of the Germ Theory of Disease.
Robert Koch (1843 - 1910)
134
Key Scientist:
Contribution: Zoonosis First Description
T. Smith and F.I Kilbourne
135
Back in _______ BC, small pox occurred in China.
1122
136
He is the first to introduce aseptic techniques aimed at reducing microbes in a medical setting and, preventing wound infections.
Joseph Lister
137
Parasites that are multi-celled is called ________.
Worms and Bugs
138
Key Scientist:
Contribution: Publication of the paper supporting germ theory of disease
Louis Pasteur
139
Pasteur developed vaccines for ____________.
Rabies
Cholera
Anthrax
Swine Erysipelas
140
He was the first person to see live bacteria and protozoa.
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
141
The individual infected by the bubonic plague will demonstrate ___________.
swollen inguinal lymph glands
142
A microbial control method for killing microorganisms via heat using two temperatures.
Pasteurization
143
Period:
Contribution: Penicillin Discovery
1928
144
What year did the first appearance of Syphilis in Europe occurred?
1493
145
A branch of medical microbiology that focuses on the laboratory identification of medically important bacteria.
Diagnostic Bacteriology
146
An infection arising from invading pathogen from the external environment.
Exogenous Infection
147
The term "invasion" in terms of infections means _________.
Attachment to the host surface
148
He observed that mothers who gave birth at home experienced fewer infections than did mothers who gave birth at the hospital.
Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes
149
He is a Flemish scientist who proposed that when you put wheat kernel and rug in a container, it would yield rats.
John Baptista van Helmont
150
Briefly enumerate Louis Pasteur's contributions.
- microbes produce fermentation products
- opposed theory of spontaneous generation
- aerobes and anaerobe
- pasteurization
- supported germ theory of disease
- vaccines
151
Koch discovered that _________ produces spores.
Bacillus anthracis
152
Give example/s of sterile specimens
CSF, venous blood
153
Period:
Contribution: Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
1983
154
The two genera of spore-forming bacteria
Bacillus and Clostridium
155
A branch of biology that deals with the study of medically important microorganisms and their role in human disease.
Medical Microbiology
156
Viruses consist of _____________.
nucleic acids, protein, and lipids (in some)
157
Key Scientist:
Contribution: Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
Kary Mulls
158
Give example/s of genotypical characteristics
DNA sequence, nucleic acid composition, etc.
159
Give example/s of sterile sites
CNS, peripheral blood
160
Parasites that are single-celled is called _________.
Protozoa
161
It is the study of living organisms that are too small to be seen by the naked eye.
Microbiology
162
What does the germ theory of disease state?
Specific microbes cause diseases or infections.
163
Eukaryotes have ___________ cellular organelles.
complete
164
Key Scientist:
Contribution: Proof that mosquitos carry the agent of yellow fever
Walter Reed
165
These are disease causing microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses.
Pathogens
166
The swollen inguinal lymph glands demonstrated in bubonic plague is also called as ______.
bubos
167
The entry, invasion, and multiplication of pathogens in the host body which results to tissue injury, and progresses into a disease.
Infection
168
Period:
Contribution: Advocating Handwashing
1850
169
These are microbes that is characterized by their absence of organelles; non-living organisms
Acellular
170
Plague is caused by the bacterium ___________.
Yersinia pestis
171
Leeuwenhoek called what he observed under the microscope as _________.
animalcules
172
He demonstrated that different types of microbes produce different fermentation products.
Louis Pasteur (1822 - 1895)
173
Give example/s of how virulence factors cause disease
capsules in S. pneumoniae, spores in B. anthraces, hyaluronidase in S. aureus
174
Key Scientist:
Contribution: Practice of Antiseptic Surgery
Joseph Lister
175
An infection acquired during hospitalization.
Nosocomial Infection
176
These are characteristics that is not visible, or observable.
Genotypical
177
Key Scientist:
Contribution: first microbial genomic sequence
The Institute for Genomic Research (TIGR)
178
Period:
Contribution: Presence of flagella
1890
179
Types of Infection Based on Clinical Manifestation
Subclinical/Asymptomatic/Nonapparent and Clinical/Symptomatic/Apparent
180
These are parts of the body without normal flora.
Sterile Sites
181
Key Scientist:
Contribution: DNA sequencing method
W. Gilbert and F. Sanger
182
An infection with no obvious appearance of signs and symptoms and the person is unaware of the infection.
Subclinical/Asymptomatic/Nonapparent
183
Give example/s of microscopic phenotypical characteristics
bacterial morphology, gram-stain reaction
