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Bacteriology > Haemophilus spp. and Other Fastidious Gram Negative Bacilli > Flashcards

Haemophilus spp. and Other Fastidious Gram Negative Bacilli Flashcards

1
Q

Which family do Haemophilus spp, Actinobacillus spp., Pasteurella spp., and Aggregatibacter belong?

A

Pasteurellaceae

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2
Q

The Pasteurellaceae family includes the following genera ______.

A

MNEMONIC: HAPA
* Haemophilus spp.
* Actinobacillus spp.
* Pasteurella spp.
* Aggregatibacter spp.

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3
Q

Gram stain reaction of Pasteurellaceae

A

Gram Negative (-)

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4
Q

Morphology of Pasteurellaceae

A
  • Pleomorphic
  • Coccoid to rod-shaped (generally bacilli)
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5
Q

Is Pasteurellaceae motile?

A

No

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6
Q

Aerotolerance of Pasteurellaceae

A

Facultative Anaerobes

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7
Q

Catalase reaction of Pasteurellaceae

A

Positive (+)

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8
Q

Nitrate to Nitrite reduction result of Pasteurellaceae

A

Positive (+)

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9
Q

Oxidase reaction of Pasteurellaceae

A

Negative (-)

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10
Q

Haemophilus is derived from the Greek word meaning ________.

A

“blood-lover”

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11
Q

What is the fastidious requirement of Haemophilus spp.?

A

Blood

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12
Q

Blood contains which factors?

A

X and V

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13
Q

What is the X factor in Haemophilus spp.?

A

Hemin or Hematin

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14
Q

The X factor can be found in ______.

A

Hemoglobin of RBCs

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15
Q

The “X” in X factor stands for _______.

A

Unknown

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16
Q

What is the V factor in Haemophilus spp.?

A

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD)

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17
Q

The “V” in V factor stands for _______.

A

Vitamin

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18
Q

It is a phenemenon which helps in the recognition of Haemophilus spp. requiring V factor.

A

Satellitism

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19
Q

What is the source of V factor in Satellitism?

A

Organisms

They could be from S. aureus, S. pneumoniae, or Neisseria spp.

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20
Q

What is the source of X factor in Satellitism?

A

BAP

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21
Q

Culture media for Haemophilus spp.

A

BAP and CAP

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22
Q

Which culture media is V factor dependent?

A

BAP

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23
Q

Which Culture Media?

RBC are still intact and contains NADase.

A

BAP

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24
Q

It hydrolyzes the V factor

A

NADase

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25
Q

Which Culture Media?

The blood is added when heat is tolerable

A

BAP

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26
Q

Which Culture Media?

Releases both X and V factors

A

CAP

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27
Q

Which Culture Media?

Inactivation of NADase

A

CAP

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28
Q

Which Culture Media?

The blood is added even if the mixture is still hot

A

CAP

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29
Q

Haemophilus influenzae is also known as ________.

A

Pfeiffer’s Bacillus

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30
Q

________ is also known as Pfeiffer’s Bacillus

A

Haemophilus influenzae

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31
Q

Virulence Factors of Haemophilus influenzae

A
  • Capsule
  • IgA Protease
  • Adherence Mechanisms
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32
Q

A virulence factor of H. influenzae which plays the most significant role.

A

Capsule/Capsular Polysaccharide

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33
Q

How is the capsule of H. influenzae virulent?

A

Inhibits phagocytosis (antiphagocytic) and anticomplementary activity

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34
Q

The capsule of H. influenzae can be serologically grouped into ____.

A

Groups A,B,C,D,E,F

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35
Q

The most invasive serotype of H. influenzae

A

Serotype b (Hib)

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36
Q

Serotype b is composed of ________

A

ribose, ribitol, phosphate (polyribitol phosphate)

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37
Q

______ is composed of ribose, ribitol, phosphate (polyribitol phosphate).

A

H influenzae Serotype b

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38
Q

H. influenzae strains with capsule are ______.

A

Typable

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39
Q

H. influenzae strains without capsule are ______.

A

Non-typable

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40
Q

What do you call the strains of H. influenzae without a capsule?

A

Non-typable H. influenzae (NTHi)

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41
Q

The only genus that produces IgA protease is _______.

A

Haemophilus influenzae

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42
Q

H. influenzae is the only genus that produces _______.

A

IgA protease

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43
Q

How is IgA protease of H. influenzae virulent?

A

It cleaves secretory IgA

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44
Q

Adherence mechanisms of H. influenzae

A
  • NTHi Strains
  • Serotype b
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45
Q

Adherence Mechanisms

These are adherent to human epithelial cells.

A

NTHi Strains

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46
Q

Adherence Mechanisms

Which strain of H. influenzae produces a localized infection?

A

NTHi Strain

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47
Q

Adherence Mechanisms

It is not adherent to human epithelial cells.

A

Serotype b

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48
Q

Adherence Mechanisms

Which strain of H. influenzae produces a systemic infection?

A

Serotype b

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49
Q

Infections produced by encapsulated strains of H. influenzae

A

MNEMONIC: SepSepMOCeffyPePE
* Septicemia
* Septic arthritis
* Meningitis
* Osteomyelitis
* Cellulitis
* Pericarditis
* Pneumonia
* Epiglottis

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50
Q

Infections produced by non-encapsulated strains of H. influenzae

A

MNEMONIC: O Si Cindy Ba Pumatay?
* Otitis media
* Sinusitis
* Conjunctivitis
* Bacteremia
* Pneumonia

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51
Q

The common name of Haemophilus aegyptius is _________.

A

Koch-Weeks Bacillus

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52
Q

Koch Weeks Bacillus is the common name of _______.

A

Haemophilus aegyptius

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53
Q

The causative agent of acute conjuctivitis is ________.

A

Haemophilus aegyptius

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54
Q

H. aegyptius is the causative agent of ________.

A

Acute Conjunctivitis

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55
Q

Acute conjunctivitis is also known as ________.

A

Pink eye

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56
Q

The counterpart of H. aegyptius in Virology is _______.

A

Adenovirus

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57
Q

______ in Virology, also causes pink eye.

A

Adenovirus

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58
Q

The causative agent of conjunctivitis in pediatric patients.

A

Haemophilus influenzae biogroup aegyptius

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59
Q

Haemophilus influenzae biogroup aegyptius is the causative agent of ________.

A

Conjunctivitis in pediatric patients

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60
Q

Is Haemophilus influenzae biogroup aegyptius capsulated?

A

No

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61
Q

It causes Brazilian Purpuric Fever (BPF)

A

Haemophilus influenzae biogroup aegyptius

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62
Q

Brazilian Purpuric Fever (BPF) is a ________ disease.

A

Systemic

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63
Q

Haemophilus influenzae biogroup aegyptius causes the systemic disease called _________.

A

Brazillian Purpuric Fever (BPF)

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64
Q

Which Haemophilus sp. is not a part of the human microbiota?

A

Haemophilus ducreyi

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65
Q

It is a strict pathogen, which is known to be the smallest pathogenic bacteria.

A

Haemophilus ducreyi

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66
Q

It is the causative agent of Chancroid

A

Haemophilus ducreyi

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67
Q

Haemophilus ducreyi is the causative agent of ________.

A

Chancroid

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68
Q

It is a highly communicable sexually transmitted genital ulcer disease.

A

Chancroid

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69
Q

Two kinds of Chancroid

A
  • Soft chancre
  • Hard chancre
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70
Q

Soft chancre is caused by _______.

A

Haemophilus ducreyi

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71
Q

Hard chancre is caused by ______.

A

Syphilis

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72
Q

Which Haemophilus sp. causes endocarditis?

A

Haemophilus parainfluenzae

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73
Q

Haemophilus parainfluenzae causes _____.

A

Endocarditis

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74
Q

The primary site of infection for Haemophilus parainfluenzae is ________.

A

Mitral Valve

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75
Q

Specimen Collection and Transport for Haemophilus spp.

Lower RT

A

Bronchial Washing

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76
Q

Specimen Collection and Transport for Haemophilus spp.

Genital sites are cleaned with ______.

A

sterile gauze

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77
Q

Specimen Collection and Transport for Haemophilus spp.

Genital sites are cleaned with sterile gauze moistened with ______.

A

sterile saline

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78
Q

Specimen Collection and Transport for Haemophilus spp.

________ are cleaned with sterile gauze with sterile saline.

A

Genital sites

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79
Q

Specimen Collection and Transport for Haemophilus spp.

Swab pre-moistened with ______ at the base of the ulcer.

A

sterile phosphate buffered saline

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80
Q

Specimen Collection and Transport for Haemophilus spp.

Swab pre-moistened with sterile phosphate buffered saline at the ________.

A

base of the ulcer

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81
Q

Specimen Collection and Transport for Haemophilus spp.

For genital sites, aspirate from _____.

A

buboes

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82
Q

Specimen Collection and Transport for Haemophilus spp.

For Haemophilus spp., ___________ instead of transport medium.

A

Direct Plating Bedside

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83
Q

Direct Microscopic Examination of H. influenzae

A

Intracellular and extracellular gram negative coccobacilli

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84
Q

An excellent medium for the isolation of Haemophilus spp. for RT specimens.

A

CAP

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85
Q

Culture media for H. influenzae

A

CAP incubated between 33 to 37 C with 5-10% CO2 at 18-24 hours of incubation w/ 300 ml/L of bacitracin

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86
Q

Why is bacitracin added to CAP in isolating H. influenzae?

A

To inhibit other normal flora in the RT

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87
Q

A synthetic supplement in a vial, which is a source of X and V factor.

A

IsoVitaleX or Vitox

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88
Q

Culture media for H. ducreyi and H. aegyptius

A

CAP with 1% IsoVitaleX or Vitox

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89
Q

Which Haemophilus sp. grows best at 33 C?

A

Haemophilus ducreyi

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90
Q

Culture media for H. ducreyi

A

Nairobi Biplate

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91
Q

Nairobi Biplate contains ______.

A
  • GC agar base with 2% bovine hemoglobin and 5% fetal calf serum with vancomycin
  • Mueller Hinton Agar with 5% chocolatized horse blood with vancomycin
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92
Q

GC agar base components

A

2% bovine hemoglobin and 5% fetal calf serum with vancomycin

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93
Q

Mueller Hinton Broth Agar components __________.

A

5% chocolatized horse blood with vancomycin

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94
Q

Macroscopic Examination

Haemophilus influenzae

A

CAP: Transluscent, tannish, moist colonies with a distinct “mousy” or bleach-like odor

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95
Q

Which Haemophilus sp. has a distinct “mousy” or bleach-like odor?

A

Haemophilus influenzae

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96
Q

Why can’t Haemophilus spp. grow on MAC agar?

A

Because the agar does not contain X and V factors

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97
Q

Macroscopic Examination

Haemophilus parainfluenzae

A

CAP: Tannish, drier, medium to large size compared to H. influenzae

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98
Q

Macroscopic Examination

Haemophilus haemolyticus and Haemophilus parahaemolyticus

A

β-hemolysis on BAP

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99
Q

Macroscopic Examination

Haemophilus ducreyi

A

CAP: Small, flat, smooth, non-mucoid, transparent to opaque colonies

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100
Q

Which organism is it?

Colonies can be pushed intact using a loop and difficult to pick up

A

Haemophilus ducreyi

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101
Q

Which organism is it?

It produces a “clumpy” non-homogenous appearance when suspended in saline.

A

Haemophilus ducreyi

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102
Q

H. ducreyi produces a ________ non-homogenous appearance when suspended in saline.

A

“clumpy”

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103
Q

H. ducreyi produces a “clumpy” non-homogenous appearance when suspended in ________.

A

saline

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104
Q

Microscopic Examination

Haemophilus spp.

A

Small, gram negative (-), coccobacilli to long filaments

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105
Q

Microscopic Examination

Haemophilus ducreyi

A
  • Pale-staining, gram negative (-), coccobacilli arranged in singly or in groups
  • “School of fish”, “railroad tracks”, “fingerprint”
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106
Q

H. ducreyi is commonly referred as _________.

A
  • “School of fish”
  • “Railroad tracks”
  • “Fingerprints”
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107
Q

Which organism is commonly referred to as:
* “School of fish”
* “Railroad tracks”
* “Fingerprints”

A

Haemophilus ducreyi

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108
Q

An alternative method for differentiating the heme-producing species of Haemophilus.

A

Porphyrin Test

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109
Q

Explain the principle of Porphyrin Test

A

To determine the ability of an organism to convert δ-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) into porphyrins or porphobilinogen.

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110
Q

What is the substrate in Porphyrin Test?

A

δ-aminolevulinic acid (ALA)

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111
Q

What is the reagent in Porphyrin Test?

A

p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde

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112
Q

p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde is also known as ________.

A

Kovac’s Reagent

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113
Q

What are the intermediates in the synthesis of X factor?

A
  • Porphyrins
  • Porphobilinogen
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114
Q

(+) Result in Tubed Porphyrin Test

A

Red color in lower aqueous solution

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115
Q

The (+) result in the tubed porphyrin test indicates the presence of _______.

A

Porphobilinogen

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116
Q

(+) Result in Plated Porphyrin Test

A

Reddish-orange fluorescence in UVL detection at 360 nm

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117
Q

The (+) result in the plated porphyrin test indicates the presence of _______.

A

Porphyrin

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118
Q

Which organisms are (+) for D-ALA/Porphyrin Test?

A

Organisms who do not require X factor:
* H. parainfluenzae
* H. parahaemolyticus
* H. aphrophilus
* H. paraphrophilus

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119
Q

Determine if the species have X factor, V factor or both

H. influenzae

A

Both

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120
Q

Determine if the species have X factor, V factor or both

H. parainfluenzae

A

V Factor

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121
Q

Determine if the species have X factor, V factor or both

H. haemolyticus

A

Both

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122
Q

Determine if the species have X factor, V factor or both

H. parahaemolyticus

A

V Factor

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123
Q

Determine if the species have X factor, V factor or both

H. aegyptius

A

Both

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124
Q

Determine if the species have X factor, V factor or both

H. aphrophilus

A

None

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125
Q

Determine if the species have X factor, V factor or both

H. paraphrophilus

A

V Factor

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126
Q

Determine if the species have X factor, V factor or both

H. ducreyi

A

X Factor

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127
Q

Which Haemophilus spp. are the only ones who produce β-hemolysis?

A
  • H. haemolyticus
  • H. parahaemolyticus
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128
Q

Gram stain reaction and morphology of HACEK group

A

Gram negative (-) bacilli

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129
Q

Is HACEK group fastidious?

A

Yes

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130
Q

Fastidious requirement for HACEK group

A

Increased CO2

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131
Q

Infection caused by HACEK group

A

Endocarditis

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132
Q

HACEK group is a normal microbiota of the ________.

A

Oral cavity

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133
Q

HACEK group is known to be _______ organisms.

A

opportunistic

134
Q

HACEK group members

A
  • Haemophilus spp.
  • Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans
  • Cardiobacterium hominis
  • Eikenella corrodens
  • Kingella spp.
135
Q

Which member of the HACEK group is capnophilic?

A

Cardiobacterium hominis

136
Q

Which member/s of the HACEK group is/are dysgonic?

A
  • Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans
  • Cardiobacterium hominis
  • Eikenella corrodens
  • Kingella spp.
137
Q

Dysgonic means _______.

A

slow growers

138
Q

Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is previously known as __________.

A

Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans

139
Q

Aggregatibacter aphrophilus is derived from the Greek words ______.

A

aphros and philia

140
Q

The Greek words “aphros” and “philia” means ______.

A

foam-loving or desiring high concentration of CO2

141
Q

Which organism is derived from the Greek words “aphros” and “philia”?

A

Aggregatibacter aphrophilus

142
Q

It causes dental plaque and gingival scrapings

A

Aggregatibacter aphrophilus

143
Q

Aggregatibacter aphrophilus causes ___________.

A
  • Dental plaque
  • Gingival scrapings
144
Q

Aggregatibacter aphrophilus is previously known as _______.

A

Haemophilus aphrophilus and Haemophilus paraphrophilus

145
Q

Catalase reaction of Aggregatibacter aphrophilus

A

Negative (-)

146
Q

Aggregatibacter aphrophilus utilizes which carbohydrates?

A
  • Glucose
  • Sucrose
  • Maltose
  • Lactose
147
Q

Which organism is known to have a “star shape with four to six points”?

A

Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans

148
Q

Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans has a colonial characteristic of ___________.

A

“Star shape with four to six points” at the center of colonies after 48 hours of incubation in BAP

149
Q

The colonial characteristic of A. actinomycetemcomitans appears after _________.

A

48 hours of incubation in BAP

150
Q

How can the unique colonial appearance of A. actinomycetemcomitans seen?

A

Using a light microscope (100x) or stereomicroscope

151
Q

Catalase reaction of A. actinomycetemcomitans

A

Negative (-)

Positive (+) ata ewan q

152
Q

Oxidase reaction of A. actinomycetemcomitans

A

Variable (v)

153
Q

Growth in MAC of A. actinomycetemcomitans

A

Negative (-)

154
Q

Urease reaction of A. actinomycetemcomitans

A

(-)

155
Q

The (-) urease reaction of A. actinomycetemcomitans differentiates it from ____________.

A

Actinobacillus

156
Q

A. actinomycetemcomitans utilizes which carbohydrate?

A

Glucose

157
Q

Which organism forms rosettes or stick-like structures in yeast extract?

A

Cardiobacterium hominis

and C. valvarum?

158
Q

Cardiobacterium hominis produces _________ in yeast extract.

A

rosettes or stick-like structures

159
Q

Cardiobacterium hominis produces rosettes or stick-like structures in _______.

A

yeast extract

160
Q

Growth in MAC agar of C. hominis

A

Negative (-)

161
Q

Which member of the HACEK group is capable of “pitting” on agar?

A

Cardiobacterium hominis and Eikenella corrodens

162
Q

Catalase reaction of C. hominis

A

Negative (-)

163
Q

Indole reaction of C. hominis

A

Positive (+)

164
Q

The catalase and indole reaction of C. hominis differentiates it from __________.

A

Aggregatibacter spp.

165
Q

Oxidase reaction of C. hominis

A

Positive (+)

166
Q

Which organism is associated with “clenched fist wounds” or after the skin has been broken by human teeth?

A

Eikenella corrodens

167
Q

Eikenella corrodens is associated with _______.

A

“Clenched fist wounds”

168
Q

Which member of the HACEK group is capable of “pitting” or corroding the surface of the agar?

A

Eikenella corrodens

169
Q

Eikenella corrodens odor

A

Chlorine or bleach-like

170
Q

An organism that has a chlorine or bleach-like odor

A

Eikenella corrodens

171
Q

Catalase reaction of E. corrodens

A

Negative (-)

172
Q

Oxidase reaction of E. corrodens

A

Positive (+)

173
Q

Ornithine reaction of E. corrodens

A

Positive (+)

174
Q

Does E. corrodens utilize carbohydrates?

A

No, it is asaccharolytic

175
Q

Which member of the HACEK group is asaccharolytic?

A

Eikenella corrodens

176
Q

Species under Kingella

A
  • Kingella kingae
  • Kingella denitrificans
  • Kingella oralis
  • Kingella potus
177
Q

Morphology of Kingella spp.

A

Coccobacillary with squared-ends

178
Q

Catalase reaction of Kingella spp.

A

Negative (-)

179
Q

The catalase reaction of Kingella spp. differentiates it from ________.

A

Moraxella spp. and Neisseria spp.

180
Q

Oxidase reaction of Kingella spp.

A

Positive (+)

181
Q

Kingella spp. utilizes which carbohydrates?

A

Glucose, Maltose

182
Q

Which member of the HACEK group has a (+) growth in Neisseria selective agars?

A

Kingella spp.

183
Q

Capnocytophaga spp. belongs to the Family _________.

A

Flavobacteriaceae

184
Q

Species under Capnocytophaga

A
  • C. ochracea
  • C. gingivalis
  • C. sputigena
  • C. haemolytica
  • C. granulosa
185
Q

Capnocytophaga spp. are a normal microbiota of the ________.

A

Oral cavity

186
Q

Capnocytophaga spp. causes __________.

A

Septicemia with neutropenia

187
Q

_________ causes Septicemia with neutropenia.

A

Capnocytophaga spp.

188
Q

Neutropenia means _______.

A

low neutrophil count

189
Q

Are Capnocytophaga spp. fastidious?

A

Yes

190
Q

Aerotolerance of Capnocytophaga spp.

A

Facultative Anaerobe

191
Q

Gram stain reaction and morphology of Capnocytophaga spp.

A

Gram negative (-) fusiform bacilli

192
Q

What is the fastidious requirement of Capnocytophaga spp.?

A

Increased CO2

193
Q

Are Capnocytophaga spp. motile?

A

Yes

194
Q

Capnocytophaga spp. are characterized by its ________ motility.

A

Gliding motility

195
Q

Which carbohydrates do Capnocytophaga spp. ferment?

A
  • Glucose
  • Sucrose
  • Maltose
  • Lactose
196
Q

Can Capnocytophaga spp. reduce nitrate?

A

Yes

197
Q

Can Capnocytophaga spp. hydrolyze esculin?

A

Yes

198
Q

Oxidase reaction of Capnocytophaga spp.

A

Negative (-)

199
Q

Catalase reaction of Capnocytophaga spp.

A

Negative (-)

200
Q

HACEK Group

Oxidase reaction of Haemophilus spp.

A

+/-

201
Q

HACEK Group

Oxidase reaction of Aggregatibacter spp.

A

+/-

202
Q

HACEK Group

Oxidase reaction of Cardiobacterium spp.

A

+

203
Q

HACEK Group

Oxidase reaction of Eikenella spp.

A

+

204
Q

HACEK Group

Oxidase reaction of Kingella spp.

A

+

205
Q

HACEK Group

Catalase reaction of Haemophilus spp.

A

-

206
Q

Which member of the HACEK group is Nitrate (-)?

A

Kingella spp.

207
Q

An organism characterized by its “twitching motility”

A

Kingella spp.

208
Q

Kingella spp. are characterized by its ________ motility.

A

Twitching motility

209
Q

An organism characterized by its “gliding motility”

A

Capnocytophaga spp.

210
Q

Pasteurella spp. cause the infection _______.

A

Pateurellosis

211
Q

The causative agent of Pasteurellosis is ______.

A

Pasteurella spp.

212
Q

Pasteurellosis is a ________ infection.

A

zoonotic

213
Q

How is Pasteurellosis transmitted?

A

Through animal bites

214
Q

Pasteurella spp. also cause _______.

A

Shipping Fever

215
Q

The causative agent of Shipping Fever is _______.

A

Pasteurella spp.

216
Q

Who is affected with Shipping Fever?

A

Cattles

217
Q

A normal microbiota of the oral cavity of birds and mammals.

A

Pasteurella spp.

218
Q

Pasteurella spp. is a normal microbiota of the ______ of birds and mammals.

A

oral cavity

219
Q

Which Pasteurella sp. is common in humans?

A

Pasteurella multocida

220
Q

TRUE OR FALSE.
Pasteurella sp. do not have a capsule

A

False

221
Q

Are Pasteurella spp. motile?

A

No

222
Q

An organism which stains bipolar (‘‘safety pin’’)

A

Pasteurella spp.

223
Q

Oxidase reaction of Pasteurella spp.

A

Positive (+)

224
Q

Ornithine reaction of Pasteurella spp.

A

Positive (+)

225
Q

Catalase reaction of Pasteurella spp.

A

Positive (+)

226
Q

Urease reaction of Pasteurella spp.

A

Positive (+)

227
Q

Indole reaction of Pasteurella spp.

A

Positive (+)

228
Q

Pasteurella spp. utilizes which carbohydrates?

A

Glucose

229
Q

Pasteurella spp. Growth on MAC

A

Negative (-)

230
Q

Pasteurella spp. Growth on BAP

A

Positive (+)

231
Q

Which Pasteurella sp. is common in dogs?

A

Pasteurella canis

232
Q

Which Pasteurella sp. is common in dogs, cats, and humans?

A
  • P. stomatis
  • P. dogmatis
233
Q

It is associated with Legionnaire’s disease and Pontiac fever.

A

Legionella pneumophila

234
Q

Legionella pneumophila is associated with ______.

A

Legionnaire’s disease and Pontiac fever

235
Q

It is associated with Pittsburgh Pneumonia

A

Legionella micdadei

236
Q

Legionella micdadei is associated with ________.

A

Pittsburgh Pneumonia

237
Q

It is associated with Wiga’s agent of pneumonia

A

Legionella bozemanni

238
Q

Legionella bozemanni is associated with ________.

A

Wiga’s agent of Pneumonia

239
Q

Legionella spp. resists ________.

A

water treatment

240
Q

Which organism resists water treatment?

A

Legionella spp.

241
Q

Legionella spp. can tolerate and multiply at a temperature over _______.

A

20 to 43 C

242
Q

Mode of Transmission for Legionella spp.

A

Aerosolized water particles

243
Q

Which specimen is collected for the isolation of Legionella spp.?

A

Sputum

244
Q

For Legionella spp.

The sputum is diluted ____ with 0.2 N KCl-HCl for 5 minutes.

A

1:10

245
Q

For Legionella spp.

The sputum is diluted 1:10 with ___________.

A

0.2 N KCl-HCl for 5 minutes

246
Q

For Legionella spp.

The ________ is diluted 1:10 with 0.2 N KCl-HCl for 5 minutes.

A

sputum

247
Q

Incubation period for Legionella spp.

A

37 C in air for at least 7 days

248
Q

Legionella spp. growth in BAP

A

Negative (-)

249
Q

Legionella spp. requires _____.

A

L-cysteine

250
Q

Which organism requires L-cysteine?

A

Legionella spp.

251
Q

Culture media for Legionella spp.

A
  • BCYE with L-cysteine
  • Feeley Gorman medium
252
Q

Colonial apperance of Legionella spp.

A

Grayish-white, blue-green, convex, and glistening colonies with “ground-glass” and “cut-glass” appearance

253
Q

Which organism is characterized by its “ground-glass” or “cut-glass” appearance?

A

Legionella spp.

254
Q

Legionella spp. can be serologically identified by _______.

A

Direct Fluorescent Antibody (DFA)

255
Q

What is the purpose of DFA?

A

To detect the presence of Legionella Ag

256
Q

Which stain is used for Legionella spp.?

A

Deiterle Silver Stain

257
Q

Deiterle Silver Stain is used for ________.

A

Legionella spp.

258
Q

Legionella spp. stain _____ in Deiterle silver stain.

A

black

259
Q

It is the causative agent of Tularemia

A

Francisella tularensis

260
Q

Francisella tularensis is the causative agent of ________.

A

Tularemia

261
Q

What kind of infection is Tularemia?

A

Zoonotic

262
Q

Tularemia is also known as _____.

A

Water trapper’s disease

263
Q

Tularemia Mode of Transmission

A

Ingestion, inhalation, arthropod bite, contact with infected tissues

264
Q

Is Francisella tularensis motile?

A

No

265
Q

Is Francisella tularensis capsulated?

A

Yes

266
Q

Aerotolerance of Francisella tularensis

A

Obligate anaerobe

267
Q

Requirements of Francisella tularensis

A
  • Cysteine
  • Cystine
  • Thiosulfate
268
Q

Catalase reaction of Francisella tularensis

A

Positive (+)

269
Q

Oxidase reaction of Francisella tularensis

A

Negative (-)

270
Q

Urease reaction of Francisella tularensis

A

Negative (-)

271
Q

Francisella tularensis growth on MAC

A

Negative (-)

272
Q

Culture media for Francisella tularensis

A
  • Glucose Cysteine Blood Agar (GCBA)
  • Peptone Cysteine Agar (PCA)
  • Cysteine Heart Agar (CHA)
273
Q

Gram stain reaction and morphology of Bordetella spp.

A

Gram negative (-) bacilli

274
Q

Aerotolerance of Bordetella spp.

A

Obligate aerobes

275
Q

Bordetella spp. grow best at _______.

A

35-37 C

276
Q

The causative agent of whooping cough or pertussis

A

Bordetella pertussis

277
Q

Bordetella pertussis is the causative agent of ________.

A

Whooping cough or Pertussis

278
Q

A milder form of whooping cough; pertussis-like syndrome

A

Bordetella parapertussis

279
Q

It inhabits the respiratory tract of canines, and cause Kennel cough

A

Bordetella bronchiseptica

280
Q

Bordetella bronchiseptica is the causative agent of _______.

A

Kennel Cough

281
Q

Virulence factors associated with Bordetella pertussis

A
  • Filamentous hemaglutinin (FHA) & Pertactin
  • Pertussis Toxin (PT)
282
Q

How is FHA and pertactin virulent?

A

Used for attachment

283
Q

How is pertussis toxin virulent?

A

It interferes with signal transduction

284
Q

Which virulence factor of B. pertussis functions as attachment?

A

Filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA) & Pertactin

285
Q

Which virulence factor of B. pertussis interferes with signal transduction?

A

Pertussis Toxin (PT)

286
Q

Virulence factors associated with Bordetella parapertussis and Bordetella bronchiseptica

A
  • Adenylate Cyclase Toxin
  • Tracheal Cytotoxin
287
Q

How is adenylate cyclase toxin virulent?

A

Inhibit host epithelial cells and immune effector cells

288
Q

How is tracheal cytotoxin virulent?

A

It inhibits DNA synthesis and promote cell death

289
Q

Which virulence factor of B. parapertussis and B. bronchiseptica inhibits human epithelial cells and immune effector cells?

A

Adenylate Cyclase Toxin

290
Q

Which virulence factor of B. parapertussis and B. bronchiseptica inhibits DNA synthesis and promotes cell death?

A

Tracheal Cytotoxin

291
Q

Which species of Bordetella is motile?

A

Bordetella bronchiseptica

292
Q

Which species of Bordetella is negative for urease?

A

Bordetella pertussis

293
Q

Which species of Bordetella is positive for nitrate?

A

Bordetella bronchiseptica

294
Q

Which species of Bordetella is negative for oxidase?

A

Bordetella parapertussis

295
Q

How many stages does Pertussis have?

A

3 Stages of Pertussis
1. Catarrhal Phase
2. Paroxysmal Phase
3. Convalescent Phase

296
Q

Which Stage of Pertussis?

Development of flu-like symptoms

A

Stage 1: Catarrhal Phase

297
Q

Which Stage of Pertussis?

Repetitive coughing episodes followed by the characteristic “whoop” at the end of the coughing spell.

A

Stage 2: Paroxysmal Phase

298
Q

Which Stage of Pertussis?

Recovery period

A

Stage 3: Convalescent Phase

299
Q

Specimen of choice for Bordetella spp.

A

Nasopharyngeal aspirates or Swab

300
Q

The swab for Bordetella spp. must be made of ______.

A

Calcium alginate or Dacron polyester

301
Q

Culture medium for Bordetella spp.

A
  • Bordet-Gengou (Potato-Blood Glycerol)
  • Regan-Lowe Transport Medium with charcoal, 10% horse blood, and cephalexin
  • Jones Kendrich with charcoal and yeast extract
  • Charcoal-Cephalexin Blood Agar (CCBA)
  • Stainer & Scholte
  • Casamino Broth
302
Q

Regan-Lowe Transport Medium contents

A

Charcoal with 10% horse blood and cephalexin

303
Q

Jones Kendrich Medium contents

A

Charcoal, yeast extract

304
Q

Bordet-Gengou is also known as _________.

A

Potato-Blood Glycerol

305
Q

Colonial appearance of Bordetella spp. when cultured in Bordet-Gengou medium.

A

Mercury drop or Pearl-like colonies

306
Q

Gram stain reaction and morphology of Brucella spp.

A

Gram negative (-) bacilli

307
Q

Aerotolerance of Brucella spp.

A

Obligate aerobes

308
Q

Are Brucella spp. capsulated?

A

No

309
Q

Brucella spp. are ______ bacteria.

A

zoonotic

310
Q

Brucella spp. requires _______ to enhance its growth.

A

Erythritol

311
Q

Brucella spp. cause _________.

A

Animal abortion and endocarditis

312
Q

______ cause animal abortion and endocarditis.

A

Brucella spp.

313
Q

Culture medium for Brucella spp.

A
  • Castaneda Broth
  • TSB
  • Wisconsin medium
  • CAP
314
Q

A biphasic medium that contains broth and solid part in one bottle.

A

Castaneda Broth

315
Q

Castaneda broth is a ______ medium.

A

biphasic

316
Q

Which Brucella spp. are positive (+) for H2S?

A
  • Brucella abortus
  • Brucella suis
317
Q

Some Brucella spp. are inhibited by the dyes __________.

A

Fuchsin and Thionine

318
Q

Serologic tests for Brucella spp.

A
  • Rose Bengal
  • 2-mercapthoethanol Agglutination
319
Q

_______ is the causative agent of Meditteranean Fever.

A

Brucella melitensis

320
Q

Brucella melitensis is the causative agent of _________.

A

Meditteranean Fever

321
Q

________ is also known as “Bang’s Bacillus”

A

Brucella abortus

322
Q

Brucella abortus is also known as _________.

A

Bang’s Bacillus

323
Q

Natural hosts of Brucella melitensis

A

Goat or sheep

324
Q

Natural hosts of Brucella abortus

A

Cattle

325
Q

Natural hosts of Brucella suis

A

Swine

326
Q

Natural hosts of Brucella canis

A

Dogs

327
Q

Which Brucella spp. are negative for Serum Agglutination?

A

Brucella canis

328
Q

Which Brucella spp. are variable for urease?

A

Brucella melitensis

329
Q

Determine which Brucella spp.

Urease: (+) <2 hours

A

Brucella abortus

330
Q

Determine which Brucella spp.

Urease: (+) <0.5 hour

A
  • Brucella suis
  • Brucella canis
331
Q

Which Brucella spp. are inhibited by Thionine?

A

Brucella abortus

332
Q

Which Brucella spp. are inhibited by Fuchsin?

A
  • Brucella suis
  • Brucella canis

Bacteriology (17 decks)

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