Flashcards in Anaesthetic Deck (27)
1
Define anaesthesia
"loss of sensation"
2
How do drugs causing anaesthesia work?
they block signals that pass along nerves to the brain
3
what occurs when these anaesthetic drugs wear off?
- normal sensation regained (including pain)
4
define conscious sedation
a drug depressing the CNS where VERBAL CONTACT with the patient is maintained throughout the period of sedation
5
what make general anaesthetic particularly difficult in dentistry and MFS?
where we want to work is where the anaesthetist wants to place tubes that will maintain an open airway
6
what route of drug delivery induces anaesthesia?
intravenous
7
what are 3 IV drugs that can induce anaesthesia?
- propofol
- thiopental
- etomidate
8
what form of drug delivery will maintain anaesthesia?
inhalation
9
what 2 drugs are inhaled to maintain anaesthesia?
- oxygen and nitrous oxide
10
what are often given as premedication to reduce the amount of other agents are required for anaesthesia?
benzodiazepines
11
how many stages of anaesthesia are there?
4
12
what is stage 1 of anaesthesia?
loss of consciousness
13
what is stage 2 of anaesthesia? what may occur at this stage?
excitement or delirium
coughing, vomiting and struggling
14
what occurs at stage 3 of anaesthesia?
- laryngeal reflex lost
- pupils dilate
15
what stage of anaesthesia must you have before surgery?
stage 3
16
what can occur to the respiratory systems during stage 3 anaesthesia?
from onset of autonomic respiration to respiratory paralysis
17
what can occur at stage 4 anaesthesia?
cessation of respiratory system to death
18
what are the 2 subdivisions to muscle relaxants?
short acting
long acting
19
name a short acting muscle relaxant.
suxamethorium
20
why would a muscle relaxant be useful?
- surgical access to body cavities (esp abdomen)
- allowing incubation (an aid for ventilation)
21
name a long acting muscle relaxant and how long does it last?
atracurium (30 mins)
22
before a GA what are the most significant aspects of the medical history?
- cardiac
- respiratory
- diabetes
- epilepsy
- bleeding disorders
- acid reflux
- past surgery
- allergies
23
what is malignant hyperthermia?
- an inherited disorder of skeletal muscles ONLY TRIGGERED BY CERTAIN ANAESTHETIC DRUGS.
- an abnormal accumulation of calcium in muscle which leads to hyper metabolism
24
what are the two consequences of muscle hypermetabolism?
- muscle rigidity
- muscle breakdown
25
what is the mortality rate of malignant hyperthermia?
just under 2% - an anaesthetic emergency
26
what are 4 ways to indicated malignant hyperthermia
- temperature increase
- unexplained CO2 levels during expiration
- unexplained tachycardia
- unexplained increased need for oxygen
27