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CMS! > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

(42 cards)

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1
Q

what is the main function of the respiratory system?

A

gas exchange

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2
Q

what are the 3 main disturbances that can occur in the respiratory system?

A
  • reduced TRANSFER of oxygen (at alveoli)
  • reduced VENTILATION of lungs
  • reduced PERFUSION of lungs
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3
Q

what is the medical term for breathlessness

A

dysponea

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4
Q

what causes a wheeze?

A

narrowing of the airways

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5
Q

define asthma

A

the reversible small airway obstruction

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6
Q

what is the incidence of asthma

A
  • increasingly common and can occur at all ages

- 2-5% adults and 5-10% children

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7
Q

what is the pathophysiology of asthma?

A

inflammatory / allergic condition

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8
Q

the 3 main symptoms of asthma are…

A
  1. cough
  2. wheeze
  3. breathlessness
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9
Q

how to assess asthma?

A

a peak flow test

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10
Q

give 5 asthma precipitants

A
  1. allergen
  2. irritants
  3. exertion
  4. emotion
  5. NSAIDs
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11
Q

what are signs of chronic asthma?

A
  • restriction of activities

- frequent use of inhalers (especially relievers)

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12
Q

4 ways to manage asthma

A
  1. inhaled beta-2-agonist
  2. inhaled steroids
  3. combination inhalers
  4. other medications
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13
Q

what are signs of life threatening asthma?

A
  • silent chest
  • arrhythmia
  • hypotension
  • poor respiratory effort
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14
Q

what category are most likely to have unstable asthma?

A

teenagers with poor compliance

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15
Q

3 oral side effects of inhalers?

A

1 dry mouth
2 oral candidiasis
3 altered taste

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16
Q

give an example of long acting and short acting beta2- agonist?

A

long acting = salmeterol

short acting = salbutamol

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17
Q

give an example of an inhaled steroid?

Study These Flashcards
A

beclamethosone

18
Q

what is contained within the combined inhaler called seretide?

Study These Flashcards
A

salmeterol and fluticasone

19
Q

define COPD

Study These Flashcards
A

airflow obstruction that is not fully reversible

20
Q

what is the main cause of COPD?

Study These Flashcards
A

smoking (can also be occupational exposure)

21
Q

what are the 2 pathophysiological consequences to damage to the lung parenchyma?

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. bronchitis

2. emphsema

22
Q

what is emphsema?

Study These Flashcards
A

alveolar destruction

23
Q

what are the 5 symptoms of COPD?

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. breathlessness
  2. wheeze
  3. chronic cough
  4. sputum production
  5. frequent infections
24
Q

what does FEV1 mean?

Study These Flashcards
A

forced expiratory volume in 1 second

25
what does FVC mean?
forced vital capacity
26
4 ways to manage COPD
- stop smoking - oral ad inhaled therapies - exercise programs - home oxygen (if very severe)
27
what is pneumonia?
infection of lung tissue
28
what are the acute symptoms of pneumonia?
- sputum production (green) - cough - breathlessness - fever (definitely!) - pleuritic chest pain
29
2 investigations that can give a diagnosis of pneumonia?
- chest x-ray | - sputum examination
30
what is pneumothorax?
the leak of air into the pleural space (ie a burst lung)
31
2 categories of people who are at high risk of pneumothorax?
1. tall young people who smoke | 2. those with chronic lung disease
32
what would a chest xray look like with pneumothorax?
loss of lung markings - darkness
33
define sleep apnoea?
the collapse of the upper airways during sleep
34
what are the 5 symptoms of sleep apnoea?
- snoring - daytime sleeping - irritability - headaches - microsleeps (30s) sleeping when theyre unaware
35
what are 5 risk factors for sleep apnoea?
1. large neck 2. unusual structure in neck 3. smoking/alcohol before bed 4. being overweight 5. sedative medication
36
3 ways to manage sleep apnoea
- lifestyle changes - CPAP (continuous positive airways pressure device) - MAD (mandibular advancement device)
37
define interstitial lung disease
inflammation of the lung tisssue that can progress to fibrosis.
38
what are the consequences of lung fibrosis?
irreversible damage and loss of elasticity but same circumference
39
what type of lung defect is interstitial lung disease and how does it compare to COPD?
it is a restrictive lung defect compared to COPD that is an obstructive defect
40
4 causes of interstitial lung disease
- cause totally unknown - allergens (birds, drugs, occupational) - direct damage (asbestos, coal) - auto-immune disease (ie rheumatoid arthritis, sarcoidosis, systemic sclerosis)
41
2 symptoms of interstitial lung disease are..
1. cough | 2. breathlessness
42
2 ways to manage interstitial lung disease
- remove underlying cause | - suppress immune system (eg steroids)

CMS! (23 decks)

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