Haematology

Question 1

what are the 3 main functions of the blood?

Answer 1

1. transport
2. immune system
3. co-agulation

Question 2

what are the 2 main composition of blood?

Answer 2

• plasma

- cells

Question 3

what are the 3 types of cells?

Answer 3

• Red blood cells
• White blood cells
• Platelets

Question 4

what are the 6 components of plasma?

Answer 4

• lipids
• nutrients
• hormones
• electrolytes
• water
• proteins

Question 5

where are blood cells mainly produced?

Answer 5

the bone marrow

Question 6

define anaemia

Answer 6

a low haemocrit (lack of haemoglobin)

Question 7

what does MCV stand for and what is it?

Answer 7

mean cell volume and it is the SIZE of red blood cells

Question 8

what is the condition where the blood cells are

• a = too big
• b = too small

Answer 8

a = Macrolytic 
b = Microlytic

Question 9

leukopenia is when..

Answer 9

you have to few white blood cells

Question 10

what is the condition for too many white blood cells?

Answer 10

leukocytosis

Question 11

what does WCC mean?

Answer 11

the total quantity of white blood cells

Question 12

what can be done to test the different types of white blood cells?

Answer 12

differential count

Question 13

thrombocythaemia is when..

Answer 13

you have too many platelets

Question 14

what is the condition when you have too few platelets?

Answer 14

thrombcytopaenia

Question 15

what are the two ways to test co-agulation?

Answer 15

1 - APTT (activated partial thromboplastin time)

2 - PT (prothrombin time) / INR (international normalised ratio)

Question 16

what are the two causes of anaemia?

Answer 16

• lack of haemoglobin

- lack of cells

Question 17

what are the 3 consequences of anaemia?

Answer 17

• lack of raw materials
• production problems
• longevity problem

Question 18

what are the raw materials that may lack in anaemia?

Answer 18

• Vit B12
• Iron
• Folate

Question 19

what can a lack of erythropoetin cause?

Answer 19

renal failure

Question 20

when may you get an issue in the production process of a red blood cell?

Answer 20

a failure in the bone marrow

Question 21

what are some of the causes of failure of the bone marrow to produce red blood cells? 4 things

Answer 21

• chemotherapy
• radiotherapy
• haematological malignancy
• chronic inflammatory disease

Question 22

where are the main areas for loss of blood from the circulation? 4 things

Answer 22

• bowel
• menstruation
• trauma (post operative)
• other organs (unusual)

Question 23

define haemolysis

Answer 23

the destruction of cells in the circulation

Question 24

what are the 2 main causes of haemolysis?

Answer 24

• auto immunity (red blood cells destroyed by anti bodies)

- abnormal red blood cells

Question 25

which type of anaemia will result in microlytic cells?

Answer 25

iron deficiency anaemia

Question 26

which type of anaemia will result in macrolytic cells?

Answer 26

B12/folate deficiency = autoimmune

Question 27

give 4 symptoms of anaemia

Answer 27

- tiredness - dizzy - breathless - palpitations

Question 28

give 3 clinical signs of anaemia

Answer 28

- pale - rapid pulse - may have oral features

Question 29

what investigations are needed when someone is diagnosed with anaemia?

Answer 29

- blood tests to establish type | - investigation to detect cause

Question 30

what are the 2 treatments of anaemia?

Answer 30

- supplements | - blood transfusion (if very severe)

Question 31

what must be checked in all black african & Caribbean decent before undergoing GA?

Answer 31

their sickle cell status

Question 32

are white blood cells common and serious?

Answer 32

they are rare and very serious

Question 33

what is the most important white blood cell deficiency?

Answer 33

neutropenia

Question 34

what is the cause of neutropenia?

Answer 34

bone marrow failure (chemo, radio, malignancy, chronic inflammatory diseases)

Question 35

neutropenia can present to a dental professional how?

Answer 35

- candidal infection - viral (ie herpes simplex) - commensal bacteria in mouth and throat

Question 36

what are patients with neutropenia at high risk of?

Answer 36

serious disseminated (spreads widely through the body) infections

Question 37

name the two main types of haematological malignancy.

Answer 37

1. leukaemia | 2. lymphoma

Question 38

what happens at a microscopic level in a patient with leukaemia?

Answer 38

proliferation of primitive blood cells

Question 39

the two types of leukaemia are?

Answer 39

acute and chronic

Question 40

the most common malignancy in children is..?

Answer 40

acute leukaemia

Question 41

how does acute leukaemia present? 3 things

Answer 41

1. marrow failure 2. lymohadenopathy 3. soft tissue infiltration

Question 42

name the 3 consequences of bone marrow failure?

Answer 42

- anaemia - infection - bleeding

Question 43

what is the average survival for acute leukaemia?

Answer 43

- 50% survival - 5 years - best in children

Question 44

how does chronic leukaemia present?

Answer 44

- anaemia - lymphadenopathy - in adults

Question 45

what are the two types of lymphoma?

Answer 45

hodgkins & non-hodgkins

Question 46

who is normally affected by hodgkins lymphoma?

Answer 46

young adults

Question 47

how does hodgkins lymphoma present itself? 7 things

Answer 47

- lymphadenopathy (cervical) - anaemia - fever - weight loss - night sweats - itch

Question 48

what is the % prognosis survival for hodgkins lymphoma?

Answer 48

80%

Question 49

non-hodgkins lymphoma is more likely to affect...

Answer 49

older adults

Question 50

how does non-hodgkins lymphoma present itself? 4 things

Answer 50

- lymphadenopathy - fever - weight loss - anorexia

Question 51

what is the average survival rate for non-hodgkins lymphoma?

Answer 51

50%

Question 52

how may a patient who has haematological malignancy present to dental professionals? 4

Answer 52

- atypical infections - bleeding - lymphadenopathy - gum infiltrations

Question 53

you may have platelet problems due to which 4 things?

Answer 53

1. deficiency of raw materials - VitB12 & Folate 2. production problems (bone marrow failure) 3. destruction 4. aggregation

Question 54

two ways that platelets can be destroyed are..?

Answer 54

- immune mediate | - postural hypertension (spleen sequestration)