Anatomy Final!! Flashcards
(130 cards)
1
Q
What are the two most dominant systems in the body?
A
The nervous and cardiovascular systems
2
Q
What is the ventral cavity?
A
The front cavity that contains the thorsic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities
3
Q
In humans, what do anterior and posterior mean the same thing as?
A
Anterior & posterior mean the same thing as dorsal and ventral
4
Q
What does caudal mean?
A
Towards the tailbone
5
Q
What does cephalad mean?
A
Towards the head
6
Q
What do distal and proximal mean?
A
Farther and closer to the main body
7
Q
What are examples of positive feedback?
A
Blood clotting and childbirth
8
Q
What are examples of negative feedback?
A
The pancreas making insulin and most other functions
9
Q
What does negative feedback do?
A
It decreases its own response
10
Q
What is assimilation?
A
Making food into nutrients and into part of the body
11
Q
How many characteristics of life are there?
A
10
12
Q
What’s an example of something in the axillary region?
A
The armpit
13
Q
Where is the ingional region near?
A
The gonads/ gentials
14
Q
What is the umbilical region?
A
The stomach region
15
Q
What are the functions of the integumentary system?
A
Regulating body temperature, protection, touch, keeping bacteria out, sun protection, immune barrier
16
Q
What are the layers of the integumentary?
A
Epidermis, dermis, hypodermis
17
Q
What are the layers of the epidermis?
A
Corneum, lucidum, granulousum, spinosum, basale
18
Q
What’s the phrase to help remember the layers of the epidermis?
A
Come, let’s get sun burnt
19
Q
What does the stratum basale of the epidermis do?
A
It creates melanocytes
20
Q
What do the sebaceous glands do?
A
They create a waterproof barrier by secreting sebum
21
Q
What do the sweat glands do?
A
They cool you down and get rid of toxins
22
Q
How does the blood supply to the skin affect homeostasis?
A
The capillaries become more perfumed if you’re hot (closer to the skins surface)
23
Q
What do osteoblasts do?
A
They make bone
24
Q
What makes bone?
A
Osteoblasts
25
What are the functions of the skeletal system?
Protect, support, and store calcium
26
What supports the whole body?
The axial part of the skeleton
27
What are the parts of the axial skeleton?
Spine, head, ribs
28
What are the parts of the appendicular skeleton?
Pelvis, shoulders, arms, and legs
29
What are the two main divisions of the skeleton?
Axial and appendicular
30
What is an example of a long bone?
The femur
31
What is an example of a short bone?
Carpals and tarsals
32
What is an example of a flat bone?
Scapula, sternum, and skull
33
What surrounds the bone?
The periosteum
34
What is the process of bone repair after a fracture?
Hematoma formation, fibrous callous, bony callous, compact bone/ remodeling
35
What is a bony callous made of?
Spongy bone
36
What is the name of the first vertebrae?
Atlas
37
What is the name of the second vertebrae?
Axis
38
How many cervical vertebrae are there?
7
39
How many thoracic vertebrae are there?
12
40
How many lumbar vertebrae?
5
41
How many spinal nerves are there?
31
42
Which nerve leaves the cranium before the rest?
The vagus nerve
43
What does the vagus nerve control?
Breathing
44
What makes the vagus nerve special?
It leaves the cranium before the rest of the nerves
45
What are the three types of cartilage?
Fibro, elastic, and hyaline
46
What things are made up of fibrocartilage?
The pads of the knees and the spinal disks
47
What is made up of elastic cartilage?
The nose
48
What is made up of hyaline cartilage?
The ends of bones; it's the most common type
49
What's the most common type of cartilage?
Hyaline
50
What are the characteristics of skeletal muscle?
It's voluntary, a long tube, and multi nucleated
51
What are the characteristics of cardiac muscle?
It's involuntary and striated
52
What are the characteristics of smooth muscle?
It's involuntary and not striated
53
What type(s) of muscle is/are multinucleated?
Skeletal
54
What type(s) of muscle is/are striated?
Cardiac and skeletal
55
What type(s) of muscle is/are involuntary?
Cardiac and smooth
56
What causes striations in certain types of muscle?
Myosin and actin
57
What are the back muscles called?
Latisimus dorsi
58
What are the layers of muscle tissues?
Epimysium (fasicle), perimysium, and endomysium
59
What does the endomysium surround?
Individual cells
60
What is the cell membrane of a muscle cell called?
Sarcolemma
61
What is the cytoplasm of a muscle cell called?
Sarcoplasm
62
What is present in large muscles?
Big motor units
63
Where is the t-tubule located?
Next to the sarcoplasmic reticulum
64
What is the difference between origin muscles and insertion muscles?
Origins don't move, and insertions move
65
How do muscles move?
Electricity goes down t-tubules and triggers the SE to release calcium, which binds to troponin. Troponin pulls on tropomyosin and the crossbridge cycle begins
66
What part of moving muscles requires oxygen to make ATP?
The crossbridge cycle
67
Electricity goes down t-tubules and triggers the SE to release _________
Calcium
68
What binds to troponin? What does troponin bind to next?
Calcium binds to troponin, troponin binds to tropomyosin
69
What are the cells of the CNS?
Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, apendymal cells, and microglia
70
What do astrocytes do in the CNS?
They cover capillaries, provide structure, and protect the blood brain barrier
71
What do oligodendrocytes do in the CNS?
They make myosin
72
What do microglia do in the CNS?
They eat junk and help the immune system
73
What does the PNS have that the CNS doesn't?
Nerves
74
What are the types of cells in the PNS?
Schwann cells and satellite cells
75
What do Schwann cells do in the PNS?
They mylinate peripheral nerves
76
What do sattilite cells do in the PNS?
They provide immune support
77
What does afferent mean?
Going toward the brain
78
What are the types of neurons?
Bipolar, unipolar, and multipolar
79
Where are bipolar neurons found?
In afferent sensory organs like the eyes, nose, and ears
80
Where are unipolar neurons found?
In the hands and feet
81
Where are multipolar neurons found?
In the brain
82
What are the sections of the cerebrum?
Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital
83
What communicates with the motor cortex?
The cerebellum
84
Where is the cerebellum located?
The back of the head
85
What takes info from neurons?
Dendrites
86
What happens at the synaptic cleft?
The presynaptic membrane releases a neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft, and the postsynaptic membrane grabs it
87
What are the parts of the eye?
Pupil, cornea, lens, iris
88
What is the nervous tunic of the eye?
The retina
89
What is behind the retina?
The coroid and sclera
90
What does the optic disk do?
It's where all the nerves leave the eye and it creates a blind spot
91
What are the parts of the outside of the ear?
The orical and ear canal
92
What are the parts of the middle ear?
Anvil, hammer, stapes
93
What part of the ear has air?
The middle ear
94
What part of the ear is connected to the nose?
The middle ear
95
What are the parts of the inner ear?
Semicircular canals and cochlea
96
What part of the ear is in charge of balance?
The semicircular canals
97
What do the semicircular canals do?
They help with balance
98
What part of the ear is in charge of hearing?
The cochlea
99
What does the pineal gland do?
It produces melatonin
100
Where is the pineal gland located?
In brain
101
What does the hypothalamus of the brain do?
It releases hormones
102
What does the interior pituitary gland do?
It controls oxytocin
103
What does the anterior pituitary gland do?
It controls FSH, LH, GH, and prolactin
104
Where is the adrenal gland located?
By the kidneys
105
What are red blood cells in charge of?
Carrying oxygen
106
What do white blood cells do?
Immune stuffs
107
What is the phrase to remember the types of white blood cells?
Never let monkeys eat bananas
108
What do basophils do?
They ramp up histamine response
109
What do phagocytes do?
Eat bad things
110
What do eocynophils do?
They moderate allergic reactions
111
What does red bone marrow do?
It makes new blood cells in the epiphysis
112
Where do T-cells mature?
In the thymus
113
What helps with blood clotting?
Fibrin
114
How does blood clot?
Blood vessels contract, they clot with platelets, coagulation via fibrin
115
What do blood antibodies do?
They attack
116
What create blood types?
Antibodies and antigens
117
What are the parts of the heart?
Tricuspid valve, atriums, bicuspid valve, ventricles
118
What happens when the mitral valve opens?
The left valve opens
119
What vein has oxygenated blood?
The pulmonary vein
120
What's the structural difference between veins and arteries?
Arteries have a more rigid body
121
What happens when altitude increases?
The amount of arethropoeton increases, which then increases the amount of RBCs
122
What's the normal blood pressure?
120/80
123
What does the top number of blood pressure measure?
Ventricular contraction
124
What are lymph vessels?
Dead ends
125
What in the body is a dead end?
Lymph vessels
126
How much mercury is in atmospheric pressure?
750 ml
127
What part of respiration is passive?
Oxygen transport into aveoli
128
What are the three lines of defense of the immune system?
The first is skin/membranes, second is phagocytes, third is antibodies
129
What produces antibodies?
B-cells
130
What do B-cells do?
They produce antibodies
