Urinary Test

Question 1

What are the components of the urinary system?

Answer 1

Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra

Question 2

What three processes occur in the nephron?

Answer 2

Glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion

Question 3

What are the intrinsic controls of GFR?

Answer 3

Renal auto-regulation, myogenic controls, tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism

Question 4

Where does GFR take place?

Answer 4

The nephron

Question 5

What do myogenic controls do?

Answer 5

They intrinsically control glomular pressure, the constriction of muscles via blood pressure, and responses to stretch

Question 6

What controls glomular pressure?

Answer 6

Myogenic responses

Question 7

What does the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism of the GFR do?

Answer 7

It releases vasoconstricting chemicals, constricts afferent arteries, and slows GFR to allow time for filtration

Question 8

What releases vasoconstricting chemicals?

Answer 8

The tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism

Question 9

What is GFR in charge of?

Answer 9

Net filtration pressure

Question 10

What are the extrinsic controls of the GFR?

Answer 10

Sympathetic nervous system and the renin-angiotensin mechanism

Question 11

What does the sympathetic nervous system of the GFR do?

Answer 11

It overrides intrinsic controls during emergency, and causes the vasoconstriction of arterioles via (nor)epinephrine

Question 12

What does the renin-angiotensin mechanism of the GFR do?

Answer 12

It releases renin, which results in angiotensin II release

Question 13

What does the release of angiotensin in the GFR do?

Answer 13

It’s a vasoconstrictor that aids in the reabsorption of sodium, stimulates the release of ADH & activates thirst, and decreases pertibular capillary pressure

Question 14

What makes up the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism?

Answer 14

Macula densa cells

Question 15

What is generally fully absorbed?

Answer 15

Glucose, amino acids, lactate, and uric acid

Question 16

Where does reabsorption occur?

Answer 16

The nephron

Question 17

What should urine not contain?

Answer 17

Glucose, amino acids, lactate, and uric acid

Question 18

What are the two types of nephrons?

Answer 18

Cortical and juxtamedullary

Question 19

What are the features of cortical nephrons?

Answer 19

They make up most nephrons and they’re shorter + more winding and make up pertibular capillaries

Question 20

What are the features of juxtamedullary nephrons?

Answer 20

They’re longer + less winding, extend much further into medullar, vasa recta, and concentrated urine formation

Question 21

What is renal clearance?

Answer 21

The volume of plasma cleared of a substance in a minute

Question 22

Where does water leave the nephron?

Answer 22

The descending limb

Question 23

Where does salt leave the nephron?

Answer 23

The ascending limb

Question 24

Where is the vasa recta?

Answer 24

Near the nephron

Question 25

What process requires ATP?

Answer 25

Removing salt from the nephron

Question 26

Why is sodium important for the kidneys?

Answer 26

The kidneys need it to bond with chloride to form salt so it can be removed on the ascending limb

Question 27

What molecule does ADH affect and in what way?

Answer 27

ADH affects the reabsorption of water in collecting ducts

Question 28

What does the vasa recta do?

Answer 28

It preserves the osmotic gradient by removing water and solutes

Question 29

What part of the nephron is in charge of filtration?

Answer 29

The glomerulous

Question 30

What part of the nephron is in charge of absorbing glucose and amino acids?

Answer 30

The proximal convoluted tubule

Question 31

What does the proximal convoluted tubule do?

Answer 31

It absorbs glucose and amino acids

Question 32

What part of the nephron is in charge of sodium and calcium regulation?

Answer 32

The distal convoluted tubule

Question 33

What part of the nephron is in charge of reabsorbing water, sodium, urea, and hydrogen?

Answer 33

The collecting duct

Question 34

What is controlled by aldosterone?

Answer 34

The regulation of sodium

Question 35

What is controlled by ADH?

Answer 35

Urea reabsorption

Question 36

How do the ascending and descending tubules work?

Answer 36

The ascending lets salt out which means we can take water out through the descending

Question 37

What does the vasa recta do?

Answer 37

It maintains balance by its blood absorbing salt and water

Question 38

What does the osmolality of the medulla and cortex look like?

Answer 38

The middle is 1200, and the cortex is 300

Question 39

What does blood have to go through to pass through the nephron?

Answer 39

Aorta, renal artery, segmental artery, interlobular artery, arcurate artery, cortical radial artery, afferent arteriole, glomerulus, efferent, pertibular capillaries/ vasa recta