Integument Flashcards
1
Q
How big is the integumentary organ system?
A
1.2-2.2 meters squared in area
2
Q
What is the largest organ system?
A
The integumentary system
3
Q
What percent of body weight is made up by the integumentary system?
A
7%
4
Q
What are the two parts of the integument?
A
The cutaneous membrane (skin) and accessory structures (hair, nails, etc)
5
Q
What are the parts of the cutaneous membrane?
A
The outer membrane (superficial epithelium) and the inner dermis
6
Q
What is the outer membrane?
A
The superficial epithelium/ epithelial tissues of the cutaneous membrane
7
Q
What is the inner dermis?
A
The connective tissues of the cutaneous membrane
8
Q
Where do accessory structures originate?
A
They originate in the dermis
9
Q
What are accessory structures?
A
A part of the integument that originates in the dermis and extends through the epidermis to the skin surface
10
Q
What are some examples of accessory structures?
A
Hair, skin, nails, and multicellular exocrine glands
11
Q
What are the functions of the skin?
A
Protect, excrete, maintain temperature, synthesize, store, adn detect
12
Q
What does the skin protect?
A
The underlying tissues and organs
13
Q
What does the skin excrete?
A
The skin excretes salt, water, and organic wastes (through glands)
14
Q
How does the skin maintain body temperature?
A
Through insulation and evaporation
15
Q
What does the skin synthesize?
A
Vitamin D3
16
Q
What does the skin store?
A
Lipids
17
Q
What does the skin detect?
A
Touch, pressure, pain, and temperature
18
Q
What types of cells make up the epidermis?
A
Avascular stratified squamous epithelial cells
19
Q
How do cells in the epidermis get nutrients and oxygen?
A
Nutrients and oxygen diffuse form the capillaries in the dermis
20
Q
What types of cells make up the epidermis?
A
Avascular stratified squamous epithelial cells
21
Q
How do cells in the epidermis get nutrients and oxygen?
A
Nutrients and oxygen diffuse form the capillaries in the dermis
22
Q
What are the types of cells in the epidermis?
A
Keratinocytes, melanocytes, langerhans cells, and corneocytes
23
Q
What are keratinocytes?
A
Found in the epidermis, keratinocytes contain large amounts of keratin, and they’re the most abundant cells in the epidermis
24
Q
What are the most abundant cells in the epidermis?
A
Keratinocytes
25
What are melanocytes?
Found in the epidermis, melanocytes produce a yellow-brown or black pigment
26
What are langerhans cells?
Found in the epidermis, langerhans cells support the immune system
27
What are corneocytes?
Found in the epidermis, corneocytes are non-living keratinized cells, and comprise the top layer of the epidermis.
28
What makes up the top layer of the epidermis?
Corneocytes
29
What is the mnemonic for the layers of the epidermis?
Come, Let's Get SunBurnt
30
What are the 5 layers of the epidermis?
[Stratum] Corneum, lucidum granulosum, spinosum, basale
31
What is the stratum basale?
The germative layer of the epidermis
32
What is unique about the stratum basale in the epidermis?
It has many stem cells and is the only layer to have mitosis
33
How is the stratum basale attached, and to what?
The stratum basale is attached to basal lamina by hemidesmosomes
34
What are hemidesmosomes?
The anchors that keep the stratum basale attached to the basal lamina; keeps the stratum basale from falling off. Creates a strong bond between the epidermis and dermis
35
Where are melanocytes found?
In the stratum basale
36
What percent of the stratum basale layer is made up by melanocytes?
10-25% of the cells in the stratum basale layer are melanocytes
37
What layer are epidermal ridges found in?
The stratum basale
38
What are epidermal ridges?
Like fingerprints
39
What are dermal papillae?
Tiny mounds found in the stratum basale layer of the epidermis
40
What do dermal papillae do?
They increase the surface area of the basal lamina, and strengthen the attachment between the epidermis and dermis.
41
How is the stratum spinosum produced?
It's produced by the division of the stratum basale
42
What makes up the stratum spinosum?
8-10 layers of keratinocytes bound to each other by desmosomes
43
What is unique about the stratum spinosum?
It has langerhans cells
44
What are langerhans cells?
Cells that defend against pathogens as an immune response
45
What is a possible use for langerhans cells?
Attacking skin cancers
46
Where are langerhans cells made?
They're made in the bone marrow/ spongy bone
47
What makes up the stratum granulosum?
3-5 layers of keratinocytes
48
Does the stratum spinosum produce keratin?
The spinosum layer has keratinocytes but doesn't produce a lot of keratin
49
What layer starts producing a significant amount of keratin?
The stratum granulosum starts producing keratin
50
What is keratin?
It's a tough, fibrous protein that makes up the hair and nails
51
What layer is the clear layer?
The stratum lucidum
52
Where is the stratum lucidum found?
In thick skin
53
What is the stratum lucidum?
A clear layer found only in thick skin that has cells filled with keratin
54
What is the stratum corneum?
It's the exposed surface of the skin that's water resistant and is shed and replaced every 2 weeks
55
What makes up the stratum corneum?
15-30 layers of keratinized cells (corneocytes)
56
What are corneocytes?
Kaeratinized cells, often found in the stratum corneum
57
What is keratinization?
The formation of a layer of dead, protective cells filled with keratin
58
What layer is the exposed surface of the skin?
The stratum corneum
59
What layer does keratinization take place in?
The stratum corneum
60
Where does keratinization occur?
On all exposed skin surfaces except eyes
61
What is insensible perspiration?
It's the loss of interstitial fluid via evaporation
62
What are the two types of perspiration?
Insensible and sensible perspiration
63
How much water is lost through insensible perspiration every day?
About 1 pint, or 500 mL
64
What is sensible perspiration?
Water excreted by sweat glands
65
What is dehydration caused by?
Damage to the stratum corneum, insensible perspiration, or immersion in a hypertonic solution
66
**What causes hydration?
Immersion in a hypotonic solution, which then causes the stretching and wrinkling of skin
67
What is carotene?
A orange-yellow pigment in the epidermis
68
What causes red skin?
Blood vessels dialate from heat, and skin reddens
69
What causes pale skin?
Blood vessels constrict blood flow, so the skin pales
70
What is cyanosis?
A blue skin tint, which is sometimes caused by a lack of oxygen
71
Where is the dermis located?
Between the epidermis and the subcutaneous layer
72
What does the dermis do?
It anchors the epidermal accessory structures?
73
What are the two components of the dermis?
The outer papillary layer and the inner reticular layer
74
What does the papillary layer consist of?
Areolar tissue
75
What does the papillary layer contain?
It contains smaller capillaries, lymphatics, and sensory neurons
76
How are fingerprints created?
In the papillary layer of the dermis, dermal papillae project between the epidermal ridges, creating fingerprints
77
In what layer do the fingerprints originate?
In the papillary layer of the dermis
78
What makes up the reticular layer of the dermis?
Dense irregular connective tissue
79
What does the reticular layer contain?
Larger blood vessels, lymph vessels, nerve fibers, collagen, and elastic fibers.
80
What is dermatitis?
An inflammation of the papillary layer
81
How is inflammation created?
There's an increased blood flow to the area to bring white blood cells
82
What causes dermatitis?
Infection, radiation, mechanical irritation, or chemicals (like poison ivy)
83
What characterizes dermatitis?
Itching or pain
84
What are the characteristics of the dermis?
It's strong, elastic, flexible, and over time can get saggy and wrinkled and get stretch marks
85
Why is the dermis strong, elastic, and flexible?
It has collagen fibers to make it strong, elastic fibers to make it elastic, and has skin turgor to make it flexible
86
What can cause sagging and wrinkles in the dermis?
Dehydration, age, hormonal changes, and UV
87
What causes stretch marks in the dermis?
Excessive stretching of the skin
88
What are the lines of cleavage made of?
Collagen and elastic fibers in the dermis
89
How are the collagen and elastic fibers that make up the lines of cleavage arranged?
They're arranged in parallel bundles
90
How do cuts heal according to the lines of cleavage?
Parallel cuts remain shut and heal well, perpendicular cuts/ cuts across/ right angle cuts pull open and scar
91
What do nerve fibers under the skin control?
Blood flow, gland secretions, and sensory receptors
92
What does the subcutaneous layer of the hypodermis do?
It stabilizes the skin, allows separate movement, and is the site of subcutaneous injections using hypodermic needles.
93
What does hair do?
It protects by gathering dust, insulates, guards openings against particles and insects, and is sensitive to very light touch
94
Where is the hair follicle located?
Deep in the dermis
95
What is the hair follicle wrapped in?
A dense connective tissue sheath
96
What is the base of the hair follicle surrounded by?
Sensory nerves called the root hair plexus
97
What is the root hair plexus?
The sensory nerves that surround the hair follicle deep in the dermis
98
What are the two parts of hair?
The root (below skin) and the shaft (above skin)
99
What is the muscle near the hair root called)
The arrector pili muscle
100
About how many hairs do you lose a day?
About 50 hairs are lost every day
101
What can hair testing be useful for and why?
Because nutrients are incorporated into hair, the hair can be tested for chemicals like mercury
102
What part of the body can be tested for chemicals like mercury and why?
The hair, because nutrients are incorporated into hair
103
What is hair color produced by and why?
Hair color is produced by melanocytes at the hair papilla
104
What is hair color determined by?
Genes
105
What are the two types of hairs?
Vellus and terminal hairs
106
What are vellus hairs?
They're soft and fine, and they cover the body's surface
107
What are terminal hairs?
They're heavy and pigmented, and they make up the hair on your head and eyebrows. They also cover other parts of the body after puberty.
108
What are sebaceous glands?
Oil glands that secrete a lipid called sebum
109
What do sebaceous glands secrete?
A lipid called sebum
110
What do sebaceous glands and sebum do?
They lubricate the hair, control bacteria, and maintain keratinized cells from drying out
111
What are the two types of sweat glands?
Apocrine glands and merocrine glands
112
What are apocrine glands?
They secrete sticky stuff that has proteins and fats
113
What are merocrine glands?
They have water salty secretions that contain vitamins and drugs
114
Where are merocrine glands found?
All over the body, but especially on the palms, soles, and forehead
115
Where does nail production occur?
Deep in the epidermis fold near the bone called the nail root
116
What is the main part of the nail called?
The nail body
117
What is the nail body?
The visible portion of the nail that covers the nail bed
118
Where does the nail grow from?
The eponychium/ cuticle
119
What is the first step of repairing localized injuries to the skin?
First bleeding occurs, and mast cells trigger an inflammatory response
120
What is the second step of repairing localized injuries to the skin?
A scab stabilizes and protects the area
121
What happens during the inflammatory response when localized injuries to the skin are being repaired?
Germinative cells migrate around the wound, microphages clean the area, and fibroblasts and endothelial cells move in and produce granulation tissue
122
What do macrophages do in the inflammatory response when healing a skin injury?
They clean the area
123
What do fibroblasts and endothelial cells do in the inflammatory response when healing a skin injury?
They move in and produce granulation tissue
124
What is the third step of repairing localized injuries to the skin?
Fibroblasts produce scar tissue, inflammation decreases, and the clot disintegrates
125
What is the fourth step of repairing localized injuries to the skin?
Fibroblasts strengthen scar tissue, and a raised keloid forms
