Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

High School Anatomy > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two main anatomical divisions of the nervous system?

A

The central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What makes up the CNS?

A

The brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What do the brain and spinal cord contain?

A

Neural tissue, connective tissues, and blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the two main functions of the CNS?

A

Processing and coordinating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the three things the CNS processes and coordinates?

A

It processes and coordinates: sensory data from both inside and outside the body, motor commands that control the activities of peripheral organs (like skeletal muscle), and higher functions of the brain like intelligence, memory, learning, and emotion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What makes up the PNS?

A

All neural tissue outside of the brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are some structures of the PNS?

A

Sensors, motor neurons, and nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the functions of the PNS?

A

Deliver sensory info to the CNS and carry motor commands to peripheral tissue + systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What’s the difference between afferent and efferent?

A

Afferent is to CNS, efferent is from CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does the afferent division do?

A

It carries sensory info form the PNS sensory receptors to the CNS. Receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does the efferent division do?

A

It carries motor commands from the CNS to the PNS to the effectors (muscles and glands). Effectors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the two divisions of the PNS?

A

The somatic nervous system (SNS) and the automatic nervous system (ANS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the two divisions of the ANS?

A

The sympathetic division and the parasympathetic division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does the SNS do?

A

It controls skeletal muscle contractions/ voluntary contractions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does the ANS do?

A

It controls subconscious contractions/ contractions of smooth and cardiac muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the effect of the sympathetic division?

A

It has a stimulating effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the effect of the parasympathetic division?

A

It has a relaxing effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the two types of neural tissues?

A

Neurons and neuroglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are neurons?

A

They’re neural tissues that send and receive signals and and are the basic functional units of the nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are neuroglia?

A

They’re neural tissues that support and protect neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Where are neurons commonly found?

A

In the central nervous system (CNS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What do neurons look like?

A

They have a cell body, short branched dendrites, and a long single axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are makes up neural tissue cells and neurons?

A

They have a large nucleus and nucleolus, cytoplasm, mitochondria, RER and ribosomes that make up the nissl bodies, and a cytoskeleton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What don’t neural tissue cells and neurons have?

A

They don’t have centrioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What do nissl bodies do?
They produce neurotransmitters
26
What is a characteristic of dendrites?
They're highly branched
27
What do dendrites make up?
Dendrites make up 80-90% of neuron surface area
28
What do dendrites do?
They receive information from other neurons
29
What is a characteristic of axons?
They're long
30
What do axons do?
They carry electrical signals (action potentials) to the target
31
What different parts do axons have?
They have axon hillocks, collaterals, and synaptic terminals
32
What is an axon hillock?
It's a thick section of an axon cell's body and it attaches to the initial segment
33
What is a collateral?
The branches of a single axon
34
What are synaptic terminals?
They're the tips of an axon, and are also known as axon terminals
35
What is a characteristic of bipolar neurons?
They're small
36
What makes up a bipolar neuron?
One dendrite and one axon
37
Where are bipolar neurons found?
They're found in special sensory organs
38
What are very long axons?
Unipolar neurons
39
What are unipolar neurons?
Very long axons
40
What are unipolar neurons fused to?
Dendrites and an axon
41
What's a characteristic of unipolar neurons?
The cell body is to one side
42
Where are unipolar neurons found?
In sensory parts of the PNS
43
What's a characteristic of multipolar neurons?
They have multiple dendrites and one axon
44
Where are multipolar neurons commonly found?
In the CNS, and it includes all skeletal muscle motor neurons
45
What are the three functional classifications of neurons?
Sensory neurons, motor neurons, and interneurons
46
What are sensory neurons?
Afferent neurons of the PNS
47
What are motor neurons?
Efferent neurons of the PNS
48
What are interneurons?
Association neurons
49
What are cells that support and protect neurons?
Neuroglia
50
What are cells that send and receive signals?
Neurons
51
What are the basic functional units of the nervous system?
Neurons
52
What carries electrical signals to the target?
Axons
53
What part of the axon attaches to the initial segment?
The axon hillock
54
What are branches of a single axon called?
Collaterals
55
What are the tips of an axon called?
Synaptic terminals
56
What type of neurons are afferent neurons of the PNS?
Sensory neurons
57
What are efferent neurons of the PNS called?
Motor neurons
58
What are association neurons called?
Interneurons
59
What is the area where a neuron communicates with another cell called?
A synapse
60
What is a synapse?
The place where a neuron communicates with another cell
61
What is a presynaptic cell/neuron?
The neuron that sends the message
62
What is a postsynaptic cell?
The cell that receives the message
63
What is the synaptic cleft?
The small gap that separates the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes
64
What is the small gap that separates the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes called?
The synaptic cleft
65
What are neurotransmitters?
Chemical messengers
66
Where are neurotransmitters released?
At the presynaptic membrane
67
What do neurotransmitters affect?
They affect the receptors of the postsynaptic membrane
68
What breaks down neurotransmitters?
Enzymes break down neurotransmitters and recycle them
69
What makes up nearly half the volume of the nervous system?
The neuroglia
70
What are the different types of neuroglia in the CNS?
Ependymal cells, astrocytes, microglia, and ogliodendrocytes
71
What are the different types of neuroglia in the PNS?
Satellite cells and Schwann cells
72
What forms the epithelium called the ependema?
Ependymal cells
73
What do ependymal cells form?
The epithelium called the ependyma
74
What do ependymal cells line?
They line the central canal of the spinal cord and the ventricles of the brain
75
What do ependymal cells secrete?
They secrete cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
76
What secretes cerebrospinal fluid?
Ependymal cells
77
What do ependymal cells have?
They have cilia or microvilli that circulate the CSF
78
What do ependymal cells monitor?
The CSF (cerebrospinal fluid)
79
What do ependymal cells/ the ependyma contain?
They contain stem cells for repair
80
What do astrocytes maintain?
They maintain the blood-brain barrier
81
What do astrocytes repair?
They repair damaged neural tissue
82
What do astrocytes guide?
They guide neuron development
83
What are astrocytes called in the PNS?
Satellite cells
84
What do astrocytes do?
They maintain the blood-brain barrier, they repair damaged neural tissue, and they guide neuron development
85
Where do microglia migrate?
Through neural tissue
86
What migrates through neural tissue?
Microglia
87
What do microglia do?
They clean up cellular waste, debris, and pathogens
88
What cleans up cellular waste, debris, and pathogens?
Microglia
89
What do ogliodendrocytes do?
They wrap around axons to form a myelin sheath
90
What does the myelin sheath do?
It increases the speed of action potentials and makes nerves appear white
91
What do Schwann cells form?
They form the myelin sheath around peripheral axons
92
What makes up the myelin sheath around peripheral axons?
Schwann cells
93
What are internodes?
Myelinated segments of the axon
94
What are the myelinated segments of the axon called?
Internodes
95
What are nodes also called?
The Nodes of Ranvier
96
What are the nodes of ranvier?
The exposed parts of axons
97
Where may axons branch?
At the nodes of ranvier
98
What may happen at the nodes of ranvier?
The axons may branch
99
What is the electrochemical gradient?
The sum of chemical and electrical forces acting on the ion across the cell membrane
100
What is the electrochemical gradient a form of?
It's a form of potential energy
101
What is an example of a form of potential energy?
The electrochemical gradient
102
What are some examples of ions that have electrochemical gradients?
Na+ and K+
103
What are the two different types of ion channels?
Passive and active
104
What type of ion channels is leaky and always open?
Passive
105
What are some characteristics of passive ion channels?
They're leaky and always open, and their permeability changes with conditions
106
What are some characteristics of active ion channels?
They're gated channels and open/ close in response to stimuli
107
What are gated channels also called?
Active ion channels
108
What are the three types of active channels?
Chemical, voltage, and mechanical
109
When do chemically gated channels open?
When they're bound to chemicals
110
Where are chemically gated channels found?
On the neuron cell body and dendrites
111
What makes voltage gated channels open?
With electricity
112
Where are voltage gated channels found?
They're found in the axons, sarcolemma, and the heart
113
What makes mechanically gated channels open?
They respond to membrane distortion
114
Where are mechanically gated channels found?
They're found in sensory receptors
115
What are graded potentials?
Changes in transmembrane potential that can't spread far from the site of stimulation
116
What are changes in transmembrane potential called?
Graded potentials
117
What produces a graded potential?
Any stimulus that opens a graded channel
118
What happens when the stimulus is removed?
The transmembrane potential returns to normal
119
What is step 1 of a graded potential?
The resting membrane is exposed to a chemical, and the sodium ion channel opens. Sodium ions enter true cell, and transmembrane potential rises, causing depolarization
120
What is step 2 of a graded potential?
The movement of Na+ ions through the channel produces a local current, which depolarizes the nearby cell membrane (graded potential).
121
What is proportional to the change in potential?
The stimulus is proportional to the change in potential
122
What powers the sodium potassium pump?
ATP
123
What exchanges 3Na+ for 2K+?
The sodium potassium pump
124
What does the sodium potassium pump exchange?
It exchanges 3Na+ for 2K+
125
What does the sodium potassium pump do (as a whole)?
It maintains and restores the resting potential of -70mV
126
What does hyperpolarization do?
It increases the negativity of the resting potential
127
What results in hyperpolarizartion?
The opening of a potassium channel results in hyperpolarization
128
During hyperpolarization, what happens to the positive ions?
The positive ions move out, not into the cell
129
What is the opposite effect of opening a sodium channel?
Hyperpolarization
130
The opening of what channel has the opposite effect of opening a sodium channel?
The opening of a potassium channel creates the opposite effect of opening a sodium channel

High School Anatomy (36 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions