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High School Anatomy > Molecules and Cells > Flashcards

Molecules and Cells Flashcards

(69 cards)

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1
Q

What is a molecule?

A

Two or more atoms bonded together (can be the same or different atoms)

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2
Q

What is a compound?

A

Two or more different atoms bonded together

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3
Q

When do atoms interact?

A

When there are vacancies in their outermost shells

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4
Q

How is a chemical bond created?

A

Sharing, gaining, or losing electrons

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5
Q

What is an ionic bond?

A

Attraction between opposite charges

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6
Q

What are some characteristics of ionic bonds?

A

Cations (positive) and anions (negative), donating, and dissolve easily

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7
Q

How do atoms achieve stability?

A

They share electrons

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8
Q

Why do atoms share electrons?

A

To achieve stability

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9
Q

What is an exergonic reaction?

A

Gives off energy

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10
Q

What is an endergonic reaction?

A

It consumes energy

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11
Q

What ions do acids have free?

A

Acids have H+ free

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12
Q

What ions do bases have free?

A

Bases have free OH-

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13
Q

What are the 4 organic macromolecules?

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acid

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14
Q

What makes carbon the building block of life?

A

It has 4 electrons in its outer shell

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15
Q

What does electroneutral mean?

A

It always shares electrons

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16
Q

What are organic molecules?

A

Molecules that contain carbon

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17
Q

What common element is electroneutral?

A

Carbon

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18
Q

What is the function of carbohydrates?

A

[quick] energy

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19
Q

What is the molecular structure of a carbohydrate?

A

C, H, and O in a 1:2:1 ratio

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20
Q

What are the two types of carbohydrates and examples?

A

Simple (pixie stick) and complex (whole wheat bread)

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21
Q

What are the characteristics of simple sugars?

A

They’re sweet and provide quick energy

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22
Q

What are the characteristics of complex carbohydrates?

A

Starch/ cellulose and provides lasting energy

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23
Q

What are three types of carbs?

A

Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides

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24
Q

What are the problems with carbs?

A

They can cause diabetes and weight gain

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25
What is a common characteristic of problematic foods?
They're high in refined carbs
26
What doesn't have carbs?
Meats
27
How many calories per gram are in carbs?
4 calories per gram
28
What happens to unused carbs?
They're stored as fat
29
What are lipids?
Fats
30
What are the 3 groups of lipids?
Oils fats and waxes, phospholipids, and steroids.
31
What do oils, fats, and waxes contain?
Only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They have 3 fatty chains and a glycerol molecule
32
What are glycerides?
The fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule
33
What is triglyceride?
1 glyceride with 3 fatty acid trails; a fat storage molecule
34
What is one distinct characteristic of phospholipids?
They have a polar side and a nonpolar side
35
What do steroids have?
4 rings
36
What is one example of a steroid?
Cholesterol
37
What is cholesterol essential for?
Cell membrane integrity
38
What is one characteristic of cholesterol?
It isn't water soluble
39
What are the two types of cholesterol?
HDL (good) and LDL (bad)
40
What does LDL do?
It circulates and can be deposited in the arteries
41
What is the most important organic molecule in the body?
Protein
42
What is one unique characteristic of proteins?
They contain nitrogen
43
What are the basic building blocks of proteins?
20 amino acids
44
What determines the type of protein?
The arrangement of 20 amino acids
45
What are 4 functions of proteins?
Enzymes, structure (hair), transportation (of o2 in the blood), and movement (muscles)
46
What is the energy value of protein?
4 cal/g
47
What is a hypotonic solution?
Net out flow
48
What are the 5 different parts of amino acid structure?
Central carbon, hydrogen, amino group, carboxylic acid group, and the r group/ variable side chain.
49
What creates a peptide bond?
A dehydration synthesis reaction
50
What is the primary structure of an amino acid?
A polypeptide
51
What is a polypeptide?
The primary structure of an amino acid. It's a long chain of amino acids and peptide bonds.
52
What is the secondary structure of an amino acid?
Hydrogen bonds
53
What are hydrogen bonds?
The secondary structure of amino acids. They form spirals (alpha helixes) or pleats (beta sheet)
54
What is the tertiary structure of an amino acid?
It's when the secondary structure folds into a unique shape.
55
What does the tertiary structure of an amino acid look like?
Globular and the folding of the secondary structures
56
What is the quaternary structure of an amino acid?
4 tertiary globs
57
What are quaternary amino acid structures made of?
Hemoglobin or collagen or keratin
58
What does the distribution of structure in a protein do?
It denatures a protein and causes it to stop working. Examples of this include cooking, sterilization, and sickness
59
What are enzymes?
Catalysts, which are proteins that lower the activation energy of a chemical reaction
60
What aren't changed/used up in a reaction?
Enzymes are not changed or used up in a reaction
61
What makes enzymes unique?
They only do one specific thing.
62
What do enzymes often do?
They often adjust sterochemistry
63
What do nucleic acids make up?
They make up RNA and DNA
64
What are chains of nucleotides in nucleic acids made of?
5 carbon sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogen containing base
65
What does ATP stand for?
Adenosine triphosphate
66
What is the primary energy source for the body?
ATP
67
What does ATP do?
Act as the primary energy source for the body
68
Where is ATP energized?
In the mitochondria of the cell
69
What is energized in the mitochondria of the cell?
ATP

High School Anatomy (36 decks)

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