Midterm Review-- What I Don't Know Flashcards
1
Q
What plane divides the body into two symmetrical sides?
A
Midsaggital plane
2
Q
What plane divides he body into a top and bottom portion?
A
Transverse plane
3
Q
What plane divides the body into anterior and posterior parts?
A
Coronal plane
4
Q
The knee is _______ to the ankle
A
The knee is approximal to the ankle
5
Q
The wrist is ______ to the elbow
A
The wrist is distal to the elbow
6
Q
The eyes are ________ to the nose
A
The eyes are lateral to the nose
7
Q
The chin is ______ to the mouth
A
The chin is inferior to the mouth
8
Q
The epidermis is ______ to the dermis
A
The epidermis is superficial to the dermis
9
Q
The belly button is in the ______ region of the abdomen
A
The belly button is in the umbilical region of the abdomen
10
Q
The ventral body cavity is composed of what?
A
The thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities
11
Q
The dorsal body cavity is composed of what?
A
The cranial cavity and spinal column
12
Q
What is the difference between a molecule and a compound?
A
Molecules can be made up of only one substance/ element
13
Q
What is it called when we consider the shape of a chemical?
A
Stereochemistry
14
Q
Making bonds _______ energy, breaking bonds _______ energy
A
Making bonds stores energy, breaking bonds releases energy
15
Q
Ionic bonds _______ electrons while covalent bonds _____ electrons
A
Ionic bonds donate electrons, while covalent bonds share electrons
16
Q
Water is what? What does this mean?
A
Polar, which means that it has a charge across it
17
Q
Water doesn’t interact with what?
A
Water doesn’t interact with no polar molecules (like fats and oils)
18
Q
What type of reaction consumes energy?
A
Endergonic reaction
19
Q
What type of reaction gives off energy?
A
Exergonic reaction
20
Q
What type of bond donates electrons?
A
Ionic
21
Q
What type of bond shares electrons?
A
Covalent
22
Q
What compound/molecule is abundant in acidic substances?
A
H+
23
Q
What compound/molecule is abundant in basic substances?
A
OH-
24
Q
What are the 4 types of biological macromolecules?
A
Proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates
25
What's the monomer of proteins?
Amino acids
26
What's the monomer of lipids?
Glycerol and a fatty acid
27
What is the monomer of nucleic acids?
Nucleotides
28
What's the monomer of carbohydrates?
Monosaccharides
29
Are lipids polar?
No
30
How many elements can carbon bind with?
4
31
What elements are present in carbohydrates?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
32
In building a disaccharide, what reaction do we use?
Dehydration synthesis
33
What elements are present in a lipid?
Carbon and hydrogen
34
Why are phospholipids unique and important in structure?
They have a polar sides and a non-polar side
35
What are the two types of cholesterol and which of the two is bad?
HDL and LDL. LDL is bad.
36
What elements make up a protein?
C, H, O, N
37
Of the four macromolecules, which has the most variety of product?
Proteins
38
Proteins are ______
Specific
39
What are the four levels of structure of a protein?
Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
40
When a protein is ruined and doesn't work anymore, we say it's ______
Denatured
41
What are the two types of nucleic acids?
DNA and RNA
42
What are the three components of the monomer of nucleic acids?
Sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogenous base
43
Why is adenosine triphosphate important in the body?
It's energy currency
44
Why are concentration gradients important?
Neurons need them for action potentials
45
If a cell is in a hypotonic solution, what happens to it physically?
It gets bigger
46
If a cell is in a hypertonic solution, what happens to it physically?
It shrinks
47
In epithelial tissues, how do we categorize them?
By shape and layer
48
Where might we find stratified squamous epithelial tissue?
In the epidermis
49
List five categories of connective tissues
Loose, dense, blood, bone, and cartilage
50
What tissue type is contractile?
Muscle
51
What type of tissue conducts electricity?
Nervous tissue
52
What tissue type is fluid?
Blood
53
What are the two primary components of the integumentary system?
The skin and the accessory structures
54
What are the layers of the epidermis?
Corneum, lucedum, granulum, spinosum basele
55
What is the acronym to remember the layers of the epidermis?
Come, lets get sun burnt
56
What is the protein that fills the cells of the epidermis?
Keratin
57
What are the two types of perspiration?
Insensible and sensible
58
What is the upper layer of the dermis? What is it composed of?
The papillary layer, and it's mostly composed of irregular dense connective tissue
59
What are the two layers of the dermis?
The papillary and reticular layers
60
What is the Lowry layer of the dermis? What is it composed of?
The reticular dermis, and it's mostly composed of irregular dense connective tissue
61
How can we control the body temperature through joint efforts of the circulatory system and the integument?
The circulatory brings the blood more superficial when we're hot
62
Does the epidermis have blood vessels?
No
63
What are the two types of sweat glands and what do they produce?
Apocrine glands produce a sticky secretion, merocrine produce a salty and watery thing
64
When an injury is healing, what are the four steps?
Blood clotting, scab formation, tissue formation, and remodeling
65
What are the three types of cartilage? Which is most abundant?
Hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage. Hyaline is most abundant
66
Where is elastic cartilage mostly found?
In the ear and epiglottis
67
What are the two areas of the skeleton?
Axial and appendicular
68
What are the four types of bones?
Long, short, irregular, and flat
69
What's an example of a flat bone?
The sternum
70
What's an example of an irregular bone?
The bones in the ear
71
What is a lacuna?
A space for osteocytes
72
What is an osteocyte?
A bone cell maintainer
73
Where could you find an osteon?
In compact bone
74
Where would you find spongy bone?
In the epiphysis and filling the bladder bones
75
Where would you find compact bone?
On the outside of bones
76
Where in the cartilage model does primary ossification begin? When?
At three months gestation and in the diaphysis
77
What four cell types are primarily involved in ossification?
Osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteocytes, and condroclasts
78
What is intramembranous ossification?
When soft tissue turns to bone
79
What is ossification?
When cartilage turns to bone
80
What do osteoblasts do?
They build bone
81
What do osteoclasts do?
They break down bone
82
What do osteocytes do?
They maintain bone
83
What is hematopoiesis? Where does it occur?
The process of making blood cells in the red bone marrow
84
How does bone resorption work?
Osteoclasts break down bone and it goes into the bloodstream
85
Why would bone absorption occur?
To give your body minerals
86
What are fibrous/ syntharotic joints? Give an example
They're not movable, and are found in the skull
87
What are cartilaginous/amphairthrotic joints? Give an example
They're slightly movable, and are found in the pubic sympathies
88
What are synovial/diarthrotic joints? Give an example
They're freely movable joints. Found in the hip and elbow.
89
What is a bursa? How is it different from a tendon sheath?
The bursa protects joints, the tendon sheath protects tendons
90
What is the origin of movement around a joint?
The place the moving bone/ insertion is attached.
91
What is a myofiber?
A muscle cell
92
What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
The ER of a muscle cell that holds calcium
93
What is the sarcoplasm?
The cytoplasm of a muscle cell
94
What is the sarcolemma?
The cell membrane of a muscle cell
95
What is a sarcomere?
The smallest contractile unit
96
How does the characteristic of elasticity relate to muscles?
It allows your muscles to snap back to their original positions
97
What are the functions of the muscular system?
Digestion, movement, stability, heat, posture, and vision
98
What type(s) of muscle have more than one nucleus?
Skeletal
99
What type(s) of muscle are striated?
Skeletal and cardiac
100
What type(s) of muscle aren't striated?
Smooth muscle
101
What systems work together to make a muscle function?
Cardiovascular, excretory, nervous, and digestive
102
Why is blood supply important to a muscle?
So lactic acid doesn't build up
103
What is the epimysium?
The outermost connective tissue layer of a muscle cell
104
What is the perimysium?
It surrounds the fascicles of the muscle cell
105
What are fascicles?
Bundles of myofibrils in muscle cells
106
What band of the muscle shortens during contraction?
The I band
107
What binds with calcium in a muscle contraction?
Troponin
108
What connective tissue surrounds the outside of the muscle?
The epimysium
109
What connective tissue surrounds each fascicle?
Perimysium
110
What happens during a muscle contraction?
Acetylcholine reaches the NMJ and binds with receptors, which sends the action potential down the t-tubules. This opens the voltage gated potentials, which release calcium. Calcium binds with troponin and exposes the actin binding site, and the crossbridge cycle occurs.
111
What area defines where the neuron meets the muscle?
NMJ
112
What chemical communicates between a motor neuron and a muscle?
Acetylcholine
113
What's an isometric contraction?
When the muscle doesn't shorten because the load is greater than the force
114
What's an isotonic contraction?
The muscle shortens because the force is greater than the load
115
What is a motor unit?
A motor neuron and all its fibers it innervates
116
What is a muscle twitch?
One short contractive event
117
What are the two divisions of the nervous system?
CNS and PNS
118
What are the two divisions of the PNS?
Afferent and efferent
119
What are the two divisions of the peripheral nervous system?
Afferent and efferent
120
How is the efferent division further divided?
Somatic and autonomic
121
How is the autonomic nervous system further divided?
Sympathetic and parasympathetic
122
What are the functions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions?
Sympathetic causes flight or flight, parasympathetic controls digestion and calms you down
123
What are the two different cell types in the nervous system?
Neuron and neuroglia
124
What common organelle does a neuron not have?
Centrioles
125
What are the three types of neurons?
Unipolar, bipolar, and multipolar
126
What are the characteristics of unipolar neurons?
They're usually sensory neurons
127
What are the characteristics of bipolar neurons?
They have one dendrite and one axon, and are found in the special sensory areas
128
What are the characteristics of multipolar neurons?
They have many dendrites, one axon, and make up most motor neurons and neurons in the CNS
129
What neuroglia cells are in the CNS?
Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells
130
What do astrocytes do?
They protect the CNS from toxins and help with growth
131
What do oligodendrocytes do?
They mylinate cells in the CNS
132
What do microglia do?
They control immune responses in the CNS
133
What do ependymal cells do?
They make and circulate CSF throughout the CNS
134
What neuroglia cells are in the PNS? What do they do?
Schwann cells myelinate, satellite cells protect cell bodies
135
What is an electrochemical gradient?
The electrical potential generated by the gradient of specific ions on either side of a membrane
136
What are the three types of gated channels in the nervous system?
Mechanical, chemical, and voltage gated channels
137
How is a graded potential different from an action potential?
Graded potentials aren't all or none, and they can be positive or negative; action potentials are all or none
138
What resets the balance of ions across the membrane after an action potential?
The sodium potassium pump
139
When sodium crosses the membrane, is the membrane depolarized or hyperpolarized?
Depolarizer
140
When sodium crosses the membrane, is the membrane depolarized or hyperpolarized?
Hyperpolarized
141
What is the relationship between axon diameter and the speed of transmission?
The larger the axon, the faster
142
Define continuous propagation
An unmyelinated neuron when there's lots of depolarization events (slow transmission)
143
Define saltatory propagation
A myelinated neuron when there's depolarization at the Nodes of Ranvier, which means fewer depolarization events and faster transmission
144
What does a noiceceptor do?
It detects pain
145
What does it mean if a nerve is mixed?
It means it has both afferent and efferent
146
What is the acronym to remember the cranial nerves?
On occasion, our trusted truck acts funny. Very good vehicle any how.
147
Are spinal nerves mixed?
Yes
148
What is the name of the spinal nerve that leaves under the L4 vertebra?
L4
149
What are the 5 steps of a reflex?
Sensory reception, afferent neuron transition, interneurons communication, efferent neuron transmission, effection
150
Is the brain involved in a reflex arc?
Nope
151
Ipsilateral vs contralateral reflexes
Ipsilateral doesn't cross the spinal cord
152
Where does parasympathetic innervation leave the CNS?
Cranial nerves and sacral spinal nerves
153
Where does sympathetic innervation leave the CNS?
Thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves
154
What organ senses sound?
Cochlea
155
What organ senses static equilibrium?
Vestibule
156
What organ senses dynamic equilibrium?
Semicircular canals
157
Where is the olfactory epithelium?
Superior nasal cavity
158
What cranial nerve contains vestibular and cochlear neurons?
Cranial nerve VIII (vestibularcochlear nerve)
159
What cranial nerve contains olfactory neurons?
Cranial nerve I, olfactory nerve
160
Where are taste buds located?
On the sides of the papillae on the tongue
