Digestive System Flashcards
1
Q
What are the two groups of the digestive system?
A
Alimentary and accessory
2
Q
What group of the digestive system digests food and absorbs materials?
A
The alimentary controls
3
Q
What organs are in the alimentary group?
A
The GI tract, mouth, pharynx, esophagus, large intestines, and anus
4
Q
What group of organs is technically outside the body?
A
The alimentary control organs
5
Q
What organs are accessory?
A
Teeth, tongue, gallbladder, liver, pancreas, and salivary glands
6
Q
What is ingestion?
A
Taking in good
7
Q
What is propulsion?
A
Moving food through the body
8
Q
What happens after you swallow?
A
Peristalsis
9
Q
What is peristalsis?
A
The involuntary mechanism that’s triggered when you begin to swallow
10
Q
What are the processes of mechanical digestion?
A
Chewing, mixing, churning, and segmentation
11
Q
What are chewing, mixing, churning, and segmentation a part of?
A
Mechanical digestion
12
Q
What is chemical digestion?
A
The breaking down of molecules using enzymes
13
Q
What is absorption?
A
When chemicals are absorbed across the wall of lumen
14
Q
What is defecation?
A
The elimination of indigestible materials
15
Q
Describe digestive control
A
The careful control of something technically outside the body
16
Q
What responds to stimuli?
A
The sensors in the walls of tract organs
17
Q
What do sensors in the walls of tract organs do?
A
They respond to stimuli
18
Q
What are the two types of receptors in the walls of tract organs?
A
Mechanoreceptors and chemoreceptors
19
Q
What do sensors in the walls of tract organs control?
A
Stretching, osmolarity, pH, presence of substrates, and the end products of digestion
20
Q
What’s in charge of stretching, osmolarity, pH, presence of substrates, and the end products of digestion?
A
Sensors in the walls of tract organs
21
Q
What can activate or inhibit glands?
A
Sensors in the walls of tract organs
22
Q
What allows digestive juices to flow into the intestines, and hormones to go into the blood?
A
Sensors in the walls of tract organs
23
Q
What is intrinsic control?
A
Nerve plexuses, short reflexes, and long reflexes
24
Q
What are short reflexes?
A
Intrinsic control of the local area/gut
25
What are long reflexes?
CNS enters/ extrinsic
26
What releases hormones?
Stimulation
27
Where are hormones released?
Into interstitial fluid
28
What can hormones affect?
The same or different digestive organs
29
What actions do hormones control?
Secretion and contraction
30
What controls secretion and contraction?
Hormones
31
What covers most digestive organs?
Visceral peritoneum
32
What does visceral peritoneum cover?
Most digestive organs
33
What lies in between the two parts of the peritoneum?
The peritoneal cavity
34
Where is the peritoneal cavity located?
Between the visceral and parietal peritoneums
35
What fills the peritoneal cavity?
Serous fluid
36
What does serous fluid fill?
The peritoneal cavity
37
What does serous fluid do?
It allows organs to move without damaging each other
38
What allows organs to move without damaging each other?
Serous fluid
39
What is the mesentery?
The double layer of peritoneum extending from the body wall
40
What is the the double layer of peritoneum extending from the body wall called?
The mesentery
41
What connects to the organs in the body cavity?
The mesentery
42
What does the mesentery connect to?
It connects to organs in the body cavity
43
What does the mesentery function as?
A route for nerves, vessels, and lymphatics
44
What functions as a route for nerves, vessels, and lymphatics?
The mesentery
45
What is the omenta?
The mesentery
46
What's another name for the mesentery?
The omenta
47
What is the mesentery/omenta also called?
A ligament
48
What are all the names for the mesentery?
Omenta and ligament
49
What's another location for the mesentery?
Retroperitoneal
50
What adheres to the abdominal wall posterior to the peritoneum?
The retroperitoneal
51
What are the two locations for the mesentery?
Peritoneal and retroperitoneal
52
What are retroperitoneal and peritoneal locations for?
The mesentery
53
What is the retroperitoneal attached to?
Parts of the pancreas and large intestine
54
What's attached to parts of the pancreas and large intestine?
The retroperitoneal
55
What is splanchnic circulation?
Arteries that serve digestive organs
56
What are arteries that serve digestive organs a part of?
Splanchnic circulation
57
What is another name for splanchnic circulation?
Hepatic portal circulation
58
What is hepatic portal circulation?
Splanchnic circulation
59
What makes up 1/4 of all cardiac output?
Splanchnic circulation
60
What are the four tunica of the alimentary canal?
Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa
61
What are the mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa?
They're the 4 tunics of the alimentary canal
62
What is the innermost layer of the alimentary canal?
The mucosa
63
What does the mucosa secrete?
It secretes mucus enzymes
64
What secretes mucus enzymes?
The mucosa
65
What does the mucosa absorb?
Nutrients
66
What absorbs nutrients?
The mucosa
67
What protects against disease?
The mucosa
68
What does the mucosa protect against?
Disease
69
What type of tissue is the mucosa?
Simple columnar epithelial
70
What layer of the alimentary canal is made up of simple columnar epithelial cells?
The mucosa
71
What makes up the submucosa?
Loose connective tissue
72
What layer of the alimentary canal is made up of loose connective tissue cells?
The submucosa
73
What does the submucosa help transport?
Blood, nervous tissue, and lymph
74
What helps transport blood, nervous tissue, and lymph in the alimentary canal?
The submucosa
75
What helps supply blood to the GI wall?
The submucosa
76
The submucosa supplies ____ to ____
The submucosa supplies blood to the GI wall
77
Which of the four layers is partially made up of elastic tissue?
The submucosa
78
What layer is circular on the interior and longitudinal on the external
The muscularis externa
79
What pattern are the muscularis externa cells in?
The inner cells are circular and the outer are longitudinal
80
What makes up the sphincters?
The muscularis externa
81
What does the muscularis externa make up?
The sphincters
82
What is the muscularis externa in charge of?
Peristalsis and segmentation
83
What layer is in charge of peristalsis and segmentation?
The muscularis externa
84
What layer is made up of the visceral peritoneum?
The serosa
85
What makes up the serosa?
Visceral peritoneum
86
What type of cells makes up the serosa?
Loose areolar tissues with a simple squamous surface
87
What layer is made up of loose areolar and simple squamous tissues?
The serosa
88
What describes the autonomy of the digestive system?
Semiautonomatic
89
What does the automatic nervous system control in the digestive system?
It regulates activity of glands and smooth muscle in the mucosa
90
What regulars the activity of glands and smooth muscle in the mucosa?
The automatic nervous system
91
What controls the digestive system?
Both the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems
92
What does the hard palate do?
It allows you to roll up food and swallow it
93
What types of muscles does the tongue have?
Both intrinsic and extrinsic muscles
94
Where are the taste buds located?
In the papillae
95
What does the saliva do?
It cleans the mouth, allows taste, moistens food to swallow, and contains enzymes for chemical digestion
96
What contains enzymes for chemical digestion?
Saliva
97
What allows you to taste?
Taste buds and saliva
98
What makes up saliva?
It's 97-99% water
99
What is 97-99.5% water?
Saliva
100
Is saliva acidic or basic?
Saliva is slightly acidic
101
What's slightly acidic?
Saliva
102
What do the enzymes in saliva do?
They analyze and lipase
103
What analyzes and lipases food?
The enzymes in saliva
104
What enzymes make up saliva?
Mucin, lysozyme, and IgA proteins
105
What contains mucin, lysozymes, and IgA proteins?
Saliva
106
Besides the main things, what else does saliva contain?
Metabolic waste and electrolytes
107
What contains metabolic waste and electrolytes?
Saliva
108
What interesting thing can scientists use saliva for?
Diagnostics
109
What can be used for diagnostics?
Saliva
110
How long is the esophagus?
25 centimeters long
111
What organ is collapsed when inactive?
The esophagus
112
What is a special feature of the esophagus?
It's collapsed when inactive
113
What joins the stomach at the cardiac oriface?
The esophagus
114
Where does the esophagus end?
It ends when it joins the stomach at the cardiac oriface
115
What sphincter is associated with the esophagus?
The cardiac sphincter
116
How long is the stomach?
6 to 10 inches
117
What's the approximate volume of the stomach?
It's about 50ml when empty and 2 liters full
118
What's a feature of ye stomach?
Rugae
119
What's rich in bicarbonate?
The mucosal barrier in the stomach
120
What makes up the mucosal barrier in the stomach?
Epithelial cells with tight junctions
121
What is made up of epithelial cells with tight junctions?
The mucosal barrier
122
What is the mucosal barrier rich in?
Bicarbonate
123
What continues the work of the oral cavity?
The stomach
124
What does the stomach deliver?
It delivered chyme to the small intestine
125
What delivers chyme?
The stomach delivers chyme to the small intestine
126
What are the three phases of gastric secretion?
Licephalic, gastric, and intestinal
127
What triggers the licephalic phase?
The smell of food, taste, sight, thought, etc
128
What causes the licephalic phase?
The reflex in the hypothalamus
129
How long is the gastric phase?
3-4 hours
130
What is the main part of the gastric phase?
Digestive liquids
131
What happens during the intestinal phase?
A surge following by gastric breaks
132
In what secretion phase is there a surge followed by gastric breaks?
Intestinal
133
Where is nutrients absorbed?
The small intestine
134
What does the small intestine do?
Absorb nutrients
135
How big is the small intestine?
2-4 meters long, 2.5 to 4 centimeters in diameter
136
Where do accessory organs deposit their contents?
The duodenum of the small intestine
137
What changes as you move down the small intestine?
The number of crypts, surface area, and microvilli decrease. The number of goblets and Peyers Patches increase
138
What decreases as you move along the small intestine?
The number of crypts, surface area, and microvilli decrease
139
What happens to the number of crypts, surface area, and microvilli as you move along the small intestine?
They decrease
140
What increases as you move along the small intestine?
The number of goblets and Peyers Patches increase
141
What happens to the number of goblets and Peyers Patches as you move along the small intestine?
They increase
142
How much intestinal liquids are made daily?
1 to 2 liters
143
What responds to the irritation of the intestinal tract?
The intestinal liquid, acidic chyme, is produced
144
When is acidic chyme produced?
When the intestinal system is irritated
145
Are intestinal liquids alkaline or non-alkaline?
Alkaline
146
What's alkaline?
The intestinal liquids
147
What contains some mucus?
Intestinal liquids
148
What do intestinal liquids contain some of?
Mucus
149
What produces bile?
The liver
150
What does bile do?
It emulsifies fat
151
What does the liver do?
It produces bile
152
What emulsifies fat?
Bile
153
What surrounds the liver?
Visceral peritoneum
154
What does the visceral peritoneum surround most of?
The liver
155
What is composed of liver lobules?
The liver
156
What shape are liver lobules?
Hexagonal
157
What's hexagonal in the intestinal system?
Liver lobules
158
What has a central vein in the middle?
Liver lobules
159
What do liver lobules have in the middle?
Liver lobules
160
What do plates f hepatocytes comprise?
Liver lobules
161
What are liver lobules made of?
Plates of hepatocytes
162
Where is the hepatic triad located?
At each corner of the hexagon-shaped liver lobules
163
What's located at each corner of the hexagonal liver lobules?
A hepatic triad
164
What makes up the hepatic triad?
The hepatic artery branch and portal, a vein branch, and a bile duct
165
What do the hepatic artery branch and portal, a vein branch, and a bile duct make up?
The hepatic triad
