anemia

Question 1

when oxygen doesnt reach tissues and organs what does it lead to?

Answer 1

hypoxia

Question 2

symptoms of anemia

Answer 2

palpitations=irregular heartbeat
Tachycardia= fast heartbeat
Heart murmurs= abnormal heart sounds due to turbulance flow
Dyspnoea= shortness of breath

Question 3

symptoms of iron deficieny

Answer 3

pallor= pale skin
smooth tongue
nail flattened
mouth ulcer
swallowing difficulty
neurological changes (spinal cord damage)

Question 4

where can iron deficiency come from?

Answer 4

• Poor diet
• Intestinal hookworm infection

Question 5

key points in Megaloblastic anemia/definition

Answer 5

definiton= large and immature red blood cells

• B12 and folate are needed for DNA synthesis as in megaloblastic anemia there is always one that lacks
• in the bone marrow, the process of nuclear development (a critical step in the maturation of red blood cells) is slow

Question 6

what is pernicious anemia and what 2 cells are are attacked?

Answer 6

autoimmune disorder where body attacks 2 cells in GI

• gastric parietal cell= makes HCI
  -gastric intrinsic factor= absorbs b12

Question 7

why is IF binding needed?

Answer 7

for absorption in ileum ( digestive system)

Question 8

what are the 2 bad outcomes of B12 deficiency?

Answer 8

• megaloblastic anemia
• demyleination= can damage nerve lining of spinal cord

Question 9

what is folate deficiency and what things affect it and how to measure it

Answer 9

• same as megaloblastic anemia( abnormal large cells in blood) but no neurological changes
• diet affects it
• measured by blood test

Question 10

what are the lab findings in vitamin B12 deficiency?

Answer 10

• Low serum B12
• Parietal cell and IF antibodies

Question 11

lab findings in iron deficinecy

Answer 11

• Microcytosis (smaller red blood cells)
• hypochromia (paler red blood cells) - low serum iron.

Question 12

what does lysis(rapture) of RBC lead to?

Answer 12

jaundice (yellowing of skin/eyes)

Question 13

what removes the damaged RBC from circulation?

Answer 13

spleen

Question 14

Haemolytic disease of the new born

Answer 14

• happens if mother is rh(-) and baby is rh(+)
• different types of blood types between mum and baby
• mum immune system attacks baby rbc= anemia
• stopped by Rh= protein on surface of rbc

Question 15

what can a complement protein do to RBC?

Answer 15

make holes in membrane

Question 16

what are the names for anemia that describe red blood cells as small and pale

Answer 16

• microcytic= small
• hypochromic= pale