What is the sustentaculum tali?
a horizontal eminence on the upper and forepart of the medial surface of the calcaneus
The sustentaculum tali supports the head of what bone?
talus
The muscle tendon runs through the groove on the inferior surface of the sustentaculum tali?
flexor hallucis longus tendon
Describe the navicular bone
It is the boat-shaped tarsal bone between the head of talus and cuneiform bones
Which tarsal bone is the most laterally placed?
cuboid
What muscle tendon runs through the groove on the lateral side of the cuboid bone?
fibularis longus tendon
The cuneiform bones form part of what arches?
medial longitudinal and proximal transverse arches
The ankle joint consists of what 3 articulations?
- Inferior surface of distal tibia with talus
- Medial malleolus of tibia with talus
- Lateral malleolus of fibula with talus
What type of joint is the ankle joint?
Synovial Hinge Joint
What movements occur at the ankle joint?
dorsiflexion and plantarflexion
Is the ankle joint more stable when the foot is dorsiflexed or plantarflexed? Why?
Joint is more stable when the foot is dorsiflexed because the wider surface of the talus moves into ankle joint . When the foot is plantarflexed the narrow part of the talus is in the joint
The ankle joint is reinforced laterally by what ligament?
Lateral ligament of the ankle
The lateral ligament is subdivided into what 3 separate ligaments?
- Anterior talofibular
- Posterior talofibular
- Calcaneofibular
The lateral ligament resists what motion?
- Inversion of the foot
Which ligament is often times torn in an ankle sprain?
Anterior talofibular
The ankle joint is reinforced medially by what ligament?
Medial (Deltoid) Ligament
The medial ligament is subdivided into what 4 separate ligaments?
- Tibionavicular
- Tibiocalcaneal
- Anterior tibiotalar
- Posterior tibiotalar
The medial ligament resists what motion?
over eversion of the foot
The medial ligament helps to maintain what arch?
medial longitudinal ligament
Would too much pronation of supination stretch the medial ligament?
pronation
Because of this it may be weak in females who are more prone to pronation and flat feet
What is the name of the joint whose articulating surfaces are the inferior surface of the talus and the superior surface of the calcaneus?
Subtalar (Talocalcaneal) Joint
What type of joint is the subtalar joint?
Planar, synovial joint
What motions occur at the subtalar joint?
inversion and eversion of foot
What is the name of the joint whose articulating surfaces are the head of the talus and the concave calcaneus and navicular bones?
Talocalcaneonavicular
What type of joint is the Talocalcaneonavicular joint?
ball and socket
What motions occur at the Talocalcaneonavicular joint?
inversion and eversion
What is the name of the joint whose articulating surfaces are the anterior end of the calcaneus and the posterior surface of the cuboid?
Calcaneocuboid Joint
What type of joint is the Calcaneocuboid Joint?
Planar, synovial joint
What motions occur at the calcaneocuboid joint?
inversion and eversion
What is the name of the joint whose articulating surfaces are the Talonavicular part of talocalcaneonavicular joint and the calcaneocuboid joint?
Transverse Talar Joint
What are the names of the 3 joints that occur between the navicular bone and the three cuneiform bones?
Cuneonavicular Joints
What type of joint are the Cuneonavicular Joints?
Planar, synovial joints
What motions occur at the Cuneonavicular Joints?
little motion occurs
What is the name of the joints between the cuboid bone, 3 cuneiform bones and the metatarsals?
Tarsometatarsal Joints
What motions occur at the Tarsometatarsal Joints?
Limited gliding or sliding movements
What type of joint are the Metatarsophalangeal Joints (MTP)?
Condyloid synovial joints
What motions occur at the MTP joints?
Extension and flexion, some abduction, adduction and circumduction
What type of joint are the interphalangeal joints?
Hinge synovial joints
What motions occur at the interphalangeal joints?
flexion and extension
What are the attachment points of the long plantar calcaneocuboid ligament?
The plantar aspect of the calcaneus to the cuboid and bases of metatarsals
The long plantar calcaneocuboid ligament forms a canal for what muscle?
fibularis longus muscle
The long plantar calcaneocuboid ligament helps maintain what arch?
lateral longitudinal arch of foot
What are the attachment points of the short plantar calcaneocuboid ligament?
Front part of the plantar surface of the calcaneus to the plantar surface of cuboid bone
The short plantar calcaneocuboid ligament helps maintain what arch?
lateral longitudinal arch of foot
What are the articulating surfaces of the plantar calaneonavicular ligament?
Sustentaculum tali of calcaneus to navicular bone
What are the 2 functions of the plantar calaneonavicular ligament?
Supports head of talus and medial longitudinal arch
What is the plantar calaneonavicular ligament aka? Why?
“Spring” Ligament
Because it contains elastic fibers which give elasticity to the longitudinal arch and spring to foot
What are the 3 arches of the foot?
- Medial Longitudinal Arch
- Lateral Longitudinal Arch
- Transverse Arch
What is the function of the Medial Longitudinal Arch?
weight-bearing
Which tarsal bone is the keystone to the medial longitudinal arch?
talus (particularly the head)
Which 2 muscles strengthen the medial longitudinal arch?
Tibialis anterior and fibularis longus tendon
What is the function of the lateral Longitudinal Arch?
Provides balance
Between the medial and lateral longitudinal arches with one is higher?
The medial longitudinal arch is higher than the lateral. The lateral is the flattest and rests on the ground during standing
What 2 muscles help to maintain the curvature of the transverse arch?
Fibularis longus and tibialis posterior
What is the plantar aponeurosis?
Longitudinally arranged bundles of dense fibrous tissue that form the thick, central part of the plantar fascia.
Where does the plantar aponeurosis run?
From the calcaneal tuberosity forward to the heads of the metatarsal bones
What ligaments connect the plantar aponeurosis between the tarsal bones?
Superficial transverse metatarsal ligament
What are the 2 dorsal intrinsic muscle of the foot?
- Extensor digitorum brevis
- Extensor hallucis brevis
How many plantar intrinsic foot muscle layers are there
4
3 muscles in the first layer of plantar muscles
- Abductor hallucis
- Abductor digiti minimi
- Flexor digitorum brevis
2 muscles in the second layer of plantar muscles
- Quadratus plantae
- Lumbricales
3 muscles in the third layer of plantar muscles
- Flexor hallucis brevis
- Flexor digiti minimi
- Adductor halllucis
2 muscles in the fourth layer of plantar muscles
- Plantar interossei
- Dorsal interossei
All dorsal intrinsic foot muscles are innervated by what nerve?
deep fibular nerve
Plantar intrinsic foot muscles are innervated by what 2 nerves?
the medial and lateral plantar nerves
All dorsal intrinsic foot muscles are get their blood supply from what arteries?
The dorsalis pedis arteries
All plantar intrinsic foot muscles are get their blood supply from what arteries?
the medial and lateral plantar arteries
What is Plantar Fasciitis?
Painfull inflammation of the plantar fascia (aponeurosis)
What may cause plantar fasciitis?
Constant plantar flexion or standing in one position for too long
