The anterior longitudinal ligament limits what movement?
Extension
The posterior longitudinal ligament limits what movement?
Flexion
The ligamentum nuchae (supraspinous ligament) limits what movement?
flexion
The interspinous/intertransverse ligament limits what movement?
Flexion and Rotation/Lateral Flexion
The ligamentum flavum limits what movement?
Flexion and Rotation
Where does the ligamentum flavum do?
Attaches lamina of one vertebrae to another and reinforces articular facets
What is the first cervical vertebrae you can palpate?
C7
Which spinal nerves are included in the cervical plexus?
C1-C4
Which spinal nerve is responsible for regulation of breathing
C4 - Phrenic Nerve
Which spinal nerves are included in the brachial plexus?
C5 - T1
Which muscle divides the neck into anterior and posterior triangles?
Sternocleidomastoid
The external jugular veins are formed by the joining of what two veins?
posterior auricular vein and retromandibular vein
What do the external jugular veins drain?
Most of the scalp and side of the face
What do the anterior jugular veins drain?
The anterior aspect of the neck
The two superficial venous systems (external and anterior jugular veins) drain into what vein?
Subclavian Vein
What do the hyoid muscles do?
Move the mandible and hyoid
What is congenital torticollis?
A fixed or dynamic tilt, rotation or flexion of the head and/or neck
At what level does the hyoid bone fall?
C3
At what level does the thyroid cartilage fall?
C3/C4
At what level does the cricoid cartilage fall?
C5/C6
Where is the thyrohyoid membrane found?
Between hyoid bone and thyroid cartilage
Where is the criothyroid membrane found?
Between thyroid cartilage and cricoid cartilage
What is the larynx?
The organ of voice production and part of respiratory tract
Where is the larynx located?
between the lower part of pharynx and trachea
Which cartilage form’s the Adam’s apple?
Thyroid cartilage
The cricoid cartilage marks the end of what two structures?
Pharynx and larynx
Goiter is an enlargement of what gland?
Thyroid
What typically causes goiter?
Iodine deficiency
How can goiter be treated?
With radioactive iodine to shrink the gland
What is the major artery in the root of the neck?
brachiocephalic trunk
The brachiocephalic trunk passes superolaterally to the right where it divides into what two smaller arteries posterior to the SC joint?
1) Right common carotid artery
2) right subclavian artery
The right subclavian artery arises form what?
brachiocephalic trunk
The left subclavian artery arises from what?
the arch of the aorta
What arteries branch off of the first part of the subclavian artery?
- Vertebral artery
- Internal thoracic artery
- Thyrocervical trunk
What artery branches off of the second part of the subclavian artery?
Costocervical trunk
What artery branches off of the third part of the subclavian artery?
Dorsal scapular artery
What are the two main veins that terminate in the root of the neck?
1) Subclavian veins
2) Brachiocephalic veins
Where do the subclavian veins begin?
at the lateral margin of the first rib
What drains into the subclavians veins?
external jugular veins (EJV) and anterior jugular veins
What forms the brachiocephalic vein?
Forms when the subclavian vein and IJV fuse just anterior to the anterior scalene
What are the 3 pairs of major nerves in the root of the neck?
1) the vagus nerves
2) the phrenic nerves
3) the recurrent laryngeal nerves
Where do the vagus nerves arise from, passes through, and enter into?
They exit from the jugular foramen inferiorly in the neck within the posterior part of the carotid sheath between the IJV and the common carotid artery. It then passes posterior to the SC joint to enter the thorax.
Where do the recurrent laryngeal nerves arise from?
the vagus nerves in the inferior part of the neck
What levels do the recurrent laryngeal arteries innervate?
T1-T5
What do the phrenic nerves form from, passes through, and enter into?
They are formed at the lateral borders of the anterior scalene muscles and descend between the subclavian arteries and veins to enter thorax on each side of mediastinum
What is the anterior triangle bounded by?
- Anterior border of Sternocleidomastoid
- Midline of neck
- Inferior border of mandible
The apex of the anterior angle is located where?
at the jugular notch in the manubrium
What forms the roof of the anterior triangle?
The platysma
What forms the floor of the anterior triangle?
The pharynx, larynx, and thyroid gland
The anterior triangle is divided into haw many smaller triangles? What are they called
4
1) Submental
2) Submandibular
3) Carotid
4) Musclular
What forms the submental triangle?
the body of the hyoid and the right and left anterior bellies of the digastric muscle
What vein is formed in the submental triangle?
The anterior jugular veins
What forms the submandibular triangle?
the inferior border of the mandible and the anterior and posterior bellies of the digastric muscle
What forms the carotid triangle?
the superior belly of the omohyoid, the posterior belly of the digastric, and the anterior border of the SCM
What is found in the carotid triangle?
The common carotid arteries
What is the carotid sinus?
A baroreceptor that reacts to changes in arterial blood pressure
What is the carotid body?
A chemoreceptor that monitors the level of oxygen in the blood
What is located in the muscular triangle?
the infrahyoid muscles and viscera
What are the main arteries found in the anterior triangles?
the common carotid arteries
At what level do the common carotid arteries split and what do they split into?
They split at the upper border of the thyroid cartilage (approximately C4) into the internal and external carotid arteries
What does the internal carotid supply?
The brain
What does the internal carotid supply?
most of the structures external to the cranium including the structures of the neck, face, scalp, tongue, and maxilla
What is the major vein in the anterior triangle?
internal jugular vein
The IJV drains blood from where?
From the brain, anterior face, cervical viscera, and deep msucles of the neck
How does the IJV exit the anterior triangle?
It passes deep to the SCM muscle
What are the 3 nerves located in the anterior triangle?
- Transverse Cervical Nerve (C2 and C3)
- Hypoglossal Nerve (CN XII)
- Branches of Glossopharyngeal (CN IX) and Vagus (CN X)
What does the transverse cervical nerve innervate?
Skin over anterior cervical region
What does the hypoglossal nerve do?
It is the motor nerve of the tongue
In what subdivided triangle is CN XII located?
Submandibular triangle
In what subdivided triangles are the branches of the glossopharyngeal nerve and vagus nerve located?
In the submandibular and carotid triangles
What forms the posterior triangle?
- posterior border of the SCM
- anterior border of the Trapezius
- middle third of the clavicle
Where is the apex of the posterior triangle located?
Where the SCM and trapezius meet on the superior nuchal line of the occipital bone
What forms the floor of the posterior triangle?
The msucles covered by the prevertebral layer of deep cervical fascia (Splenius capitis, Levator scapulae, Middle scalene, and Posterior scalene)
What forms the roof of the posterior triangle?
platysma and deep cervical fascia
The posterior belly of the ____ subdivides the posterior triangle into how many triangles?
omohyoid
2
What are the 2 subdivided triangles of the posterior triangle?
occipital and subclavian triangles
What are the 3 arteries found in the posterior triangle?
- Third part of subclavian artery
- Dorsal scapular artery
- Suprascapular artery
Where does the third part of the subclavian artery supply blood to?
the upper limb
Where can you palpate the 3rd part of the subclavian?
on the 1st rib
Where does the dorsal scapular artery supply blood to?
the arterial anastomoses around the scapula
The dorsal scapular artery may arise directly from the ____ part of the subclavian artery or independently off of the _____ trunk
third
thyrocervical
The suprascapular artery is a branch of what trunk?
thyrocervical
Where does the supracapular artery supply blood to?
muscles on the posterior aspect of the scpaula
What is the major vein of the posterior triangle?
External Jugular Vein (EJV)
What does the EJV drain?
most of the scalp and side of the face
What nerves run through the posterior triangle?
- Spinal Accessory Nerve (CN XI)
- Roots of the brachial plexus (C5-T1)
- The cervical plexus (anterior rami of C1-C4)
What muscles does the spinal accessory nerve innervate?
SCM and trapezoid
What parts of the brachial plexus are located in the posterior triangle?
All 5 roots which form the 3 trunks of the brachial plexus
What does the cervical plexus consist of?
the anterior rami of C1-C4
The superficial branches of the cervical plexus are _____ whereas the deep braches are ____.
Sensory
Motor
What are the 4 sensory nerves of the cervical plexus
1) Lesser occipital nerve
2) Greater auricle nerve
3) Transverse cervical nerve
4) Supraclavicular nerve
What does the lesser occipital nerve innervate?
the scalp behind the ear
What does the Greater auricle nerve innervate?
Innervates the skin behind the ear and over the parotid gland
What does the Transverse cervical nerve innervate?
the skin of the anterior cervical triangle
What does the supraclavicular nerve innervate?
the skin over the clavicle and shoulders
What are 2 motor nerves of the posterior triangle?
- Ansa cervicalis
- Phrenic Nerve
What does the ansa cervicalis innervate?
The strap muscles (omohyoid, sternohyoid, sternothyroid muscles)
What does the phrenic nerve innervate?
the diaphragm
