Introduction to Anatomy

Question 1

Four Anatomical Planes

Answer 1

1) Median Plane: vertical plane passing longitudinally through the body dividing it into right and left halves
2) Sagittal Plane: vertical planes passing through the body parallel to the median plane
3) Frontal (Coronal) Plane: vertical planes passing through the body at right angles to the median plane, dividing it into anterior and posterior halves
4) Transverse (Horizontal) Plane: horizontal planes passing through the body at right angles to the median and frontal planes, dividing the body into superior and inferior halves.

Question 2

Movements in the sagittal plane occur around what axis?

Answer 2

Medial/Lateral Axis

Question 3

Movements in the frontal plane occur around what axis?

Answer 3

Anterior/Posterior Axis

Question 4

Movements in the transverse plane occur around what axis?

Answer 4

Vertical Axis

Question 5

Where do all planes meet?

Answer 5

At the COG

Question 6

Dorsiflexion

Answer 6

flexion at the ankle joint that occurs when walking uphill or lifting the front of the foot and toes off the ground

Question 7

Plantarflexion

Answer 7

bending of the foot and toes toward the ground, as when you stand on your toes

Question 8

Pronation

Answer 8

rotation of the radius medially so that the palm of the hand faces posteriorly and its dorsum faces anteriorly

Question 9

Supination

Answer 9

rotation of the radius laterally to uncross it from the ulna

Question 10

Define Joint

Answer 10

unions or junctions between two or more bones or rigid parts of the skeleton

Question 11

6 Types of Synovial Joints

Answer 11

1) Plane
2) Hinge
3) Saddle
4) Condyloid
5) Ball and Socket
6) Pivot

Question 12

Describe Plane Joints

Answer 12

Permit gliding or sliding movements in the plane of the articular surface
Example: AC joint

Question 13

Describe Hinge Joints

Answer 13

Permit flexion and extension only, movements occur in one plane around a single axis
Example: Elbow joint

Question 14

Describe Saddle Joints

Answer 14

Permit abduction and adduction as well as flexion and extension, movements occur in the sagittal and frontal planes around two axes at right angle to each other
Example: Thumb

Question 15

Describe Condyloid Joints

Answer 15

Permit flexion and extension as well as abduction and adduction, movements occur in the sagittal plane
Example: Metacarpals

Question 16

Describe Pivot Joints

Answer 16

Permit rotation around a central axis

Example: Atlas (C1) rotates around the axis (C2)

Question 17

Two Types of Phasic (Active) Muscle Contractions

Answer 17

Isometric

Isotonic

Question 18

Isometric vs. Isotonic Muscle Contractions

Answer 18

Isometric Muscle Contractions: the muscle length remains the same but tension is increased
Isotonic Muscle Contraction: the muscle changes length in relationship to the production of movement

Question 19

2 Types of Isotonic Muscle Contractions

Answer 19

1) Concentric

2) Eccentric

Question 20

Describe concentric muscle contraction

Answer 20

movement occurs as a result of the muscle shortening

i.e. deltoid shortens to raise arm in abduction

Question 21

Describe eccentric muscle contraction

Answer 21

movement occurs as a result of the muscle lengthening

i.e. deltoid lengthens to lower arm in adduction