Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Sympathetic Response

A

“fight or flight”
Emergency response, exercise, excitement

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2
Q

Parasympathetic Response

A

“Rest and Digest”
Regeneration of tissue, absorption of nutrients, energy diverted to digestive, reproductive, urinary, and immune systems

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3
Q

Somatic Function

A

Consciously controlled

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4
Q

Somatosensory Function

A

Sensory info travels from tissues to the CNS
-Muscles, joints, skin, special senses.

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5
Q

Somatamotor Function

A

Motor information traveling from the CNS to the skeletal muscles
Voluntary control from cerebrum
Involuntary movement and reflexes from brainstem and spinal chord.

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6
Q

Autonomic function

A

Processes which are regulated without conscious intent
Responds to visceral (organ) sensory input
Signals from CNS to heart, smooth muscle, glands
 Maintains homeostasis

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7
Q

Hypothalamus

A

ANS control center
-Sympathetic and parasympathetic responses
-Influenced by frontal cortex and limbic system

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8
Q

Brainstem

A

Controls visceral reflexes
-Blood pressure regulation
-Direction of blood flow
-Cardiac activity

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9
Q

Spinal cord

A

-Controls two important visceral reflexes
-Urination and defecation

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10
Q

ANS Ganglia

A
  • Collection of neuronal bodies found in the peripheral nervous system (synapses)
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11
Q

Posterior root ganglion

A

Cell bodies of unipolar sensory neurons

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12
Q

Sympathetic/Parasympathetic ganglia

A

Synapsing of preganglionic and postganglionic neurons

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13
Q

Parasympathetic division of the cranial nerves

A

“Craniosacral division”
-Originates at cranial nerves III, VII, IX, X and sacral nerves 2, 3, 4
-Long preganglionic neurons
-Synapse with short postganglionic fibers
-Ganglions found close to organs

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14
Q

Terminal Ganglia

A

-Parasympathetic ganglia
-Close to organ effector

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15
Q

Intramural Ganglia

A

-Parasympathetic ganglia
-Embedded into organ wall

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16
Q

Sympathetic division of cranial nerves

A

“Thoracolumbar”
-Originates in lateral horn of spinal segment t1 to L2
-Short preganglionic neurons
-Synapses with long postganglionic neurons
-Ganglia found close to spinal column

17
Q

Sympathetic chain ganglia

A

On either side of the spinal column
Essentially operate as a relay station for the SNS
-Myelinated presynaptic neurons originate in lateral horns of spinal cord
Three options for synapsing:
1. Synapse in ganglion with postsynaptic neuron
2. Axon passes through ganglion and continues as part of splanchnic nerve
3. Axon ascends/descends in chain to synapse at higher or lower levels and continues as part of that spinal nerve

18
Q

White Rami

A

Myelinated preganglionic sympathetic axons from nerve to ganglion
-“Exit ramp” from nerve; “entrance ramp” to ganglion

19
Q

Gray Rami

A

Unmyelinated postganglionic sympathetic axons from ganglion to spinal nerve

20
Q

Sympathetic Spinal Nerve Pathway

A

Preganglionic myelinated axons synapse in ganglion with unmyelinated postganglionic neuron
 Postganglionic axons returns to spinal nerve
* Targets integumentary
structures

21
Q

Postganglionic Sympathetic Nerve Pathway

A

Myelinated preganglionic axons synapse with unmyelinated postganglionic neurons in ganglion or ascend/descend chain to synapse with postganglionic neuron
* Targets head, neck, thoracic viscera
 Cardiac nerve innervates heart

22
Q

Splanchnic Nerve Pathway

A

Postganglionic axon passes through ganglion without synapsing
* Continues as part of splanchnic nerve
 Greater splanchnic nerve
 Lesser splanchnic nerve
 Least (lowest) splanchnic nerve
* Targets abdominal and
pelvic viscera

23
Q

Adrenal Medulla Pathway

A

Preganglionic axon passes through ganglion to lesser splanchnic nerve
* Targets adrenal glands
 Stimulates release of adrenaline from adrenal glands
 Maintains fight or flight response

24
Q

Acetylcholine

A

 Neurotransmitter of parasympathetic division
 Cholinergic neurons
 All ANS preganglionic neurons
 All parasympathetic postganglionic neurons
 Target cells have cholinergic receptors

25
Norepinephrine
 “Catecholamine”  Neurotransmitters of sympathetic division  Adrenergic neurons  Most sympathetic postganglionic neurons are adrenergic  Target cells have adrenergic receptors
26
Nicotinic receptors
 Bind acetylcholine  Found on postganglionic neurons and adrenal medulla cells  Always excitatory  Directly opens ion channel  Sodium moves into cell  Cell depolarizes  Faster
27
Muscarinic receptors
 Bind acetylcholine  Found in all target organs of parasympathetic division  Excitatory or inhibitory  Muscarinic receptors use second messengers  Rather than directly opening channel, a signaling cascade sends message  Slower
28
Alpha (α) receptors
 Bind norepinephrine  Stimulated by NE
29
Beta (b) receptors
-bind norepinephrine -stimulated or inhibited by NE -b1 = stimulated -b2 = inhibited -b3 = either
30
Autonomic Tone
Balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic systems * Dual innervation  Most effectors innervated by both ANS divisions simultaneously  Regulation of activity  Heart rate  Blood pressure  Tone of smooth muscle of digestive tract  Bronchodilation/ constriction
31
Autonomic Reflexes
“Visceral reflexes”  Shortest pathway between stimulus and response  Includes: Receptor>Sensory neuron>CNS integration center>Motor neuron>Effector
32
Cardiovascular reflex
Blood pressure
33
Gastrointestinal reflex
Defecation
34
Micturition reflex
Urination