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A&P 1 > Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves: Anna made > Flashcards

Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves: Anna made Flashcards

(72 cards)

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1
Q

Spinal Cord

A

Spinal cord housed within the vertebral foramen

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2
Q

Meninges of Spinal Cord

A
  • Dura mater
    - Epidural space
    - Subdural space
  • Arachnoid mater
  • Subarachnoid space w/CSF
  • Pia mater
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3
Q

where does the spinal cord start and end

A

medulla oblongata to L1 vertebra

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4
Q

cervical enlargment

A

neural innervation to upper extremities

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5
Q

Lumbar enlargement

A

neural enlargement to lower extremities

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6
Q

conus medullaris

A

inferior aspect of spinal cord

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7
Q

how many pairs of spinal nerves are there

A

31 pairs

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8
Q

Cauda equina

A
  • “Horse’s tail”
  • Axons of lumbar and sacral spinal nerves coursing inferiorly from conus medullaris to nerve origin
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9
Q

Filum terminale

A
  • Extension of pia mater
  • Attaches to sacrum
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10
Q

Denticulate ligaments

A
  • Lateral extensions of pia mater
  • Attach to dura mater
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11
Q

cervical region

A

C1-8

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12
Q

thoracic region

A

T1-12

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13
Q

Lumbar region

A

L1-5

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14
Q

Sacral region

A

S1-5

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15
Q

coccygeal region

A

Co1 or C0

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16
Q

Rootlets and roots of spinal nerves

A

Axons extend from spinal cord to innervate tissues

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17
Q

Anterior median fissure

A

Groove in front of spinal cord

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18
Q

Posterior median fissure

A

Groove in back of spinal cord

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19
Q

Gray Matter

A

Unmyelinated tissue (synapses)

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20
Q

Anterior horns of gray matter

A

Cell bodies of somatic motor neurons

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21
Q

Lateral horns of gray matter

A

Cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons (only segments T1-L2)

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22
Q

posterior horns of gray matter

A

Synaptic knobs of sensory neurons and cell bodies of interneurons

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23
Q

Gray commissure

A
  • Band of gray matter surrounding central canal
  • Connect left and right gray matter
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24
Q

Gray Matter: Nuclei

A

Groups of cell bodies in the CNS

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25
Gray Matter: Nuclei: Posterior horn
Sensory nuclei receive afferent somatic and autonomic signals
26
Gray Matter: Nuclei: Lateral horn
Motor nuclei send out efferent autonomic signals
27
Gray Matter: Nuclei: Anterior horn
Motor nuclei send out efferent somatic signals
28
White Matter of Spinal Cord
Myelinated axons ascending to and descending from the brain also has the posterior, lateral, and anterior funiculus
29
Posterior funiculus
Ascending sensory tracts - white matter
30
Lateral funiculus
- Sensory and motor tracts - white matter
31
Anterior funiculus
- Sensory and motor tracts - white matter
32
how many neurons are in Sensory and Motor Pathways
Chain of two or more neurons
33
paired pathways
left and right tract
34
decussate pathways
- Cross the midline
35
decussate pathways: Contralateral
- Control opposite side of body - most common
36
decussate pathways: Ipsilateral
- Control same side of body
37
sensory pathway
Tracts for proprioception, touch, temperature, pressure, pain, BP, stretch of organs, chemistry of blood and gut
38
Somatosensory pathways
Sensory information from muscles, joints, skin
39
Viscerosensory pathways
Sensory information from organs and vessels
40
how many neurons do sensory pathways use
2-3 neurons
41
Sensory Pathway Neurons: primary (1st order) neuron
- unipolar neuron with peripheral process with dendrites in tissue - cell body in posterior root ganglion - central process with synaptic knobs in posterior gray horn - synapses with secondary neuron in posterior gray horn
42
Sensory Pathway Neurons: secondary (2nd order) neuron
- interneuron (multipolar) - axon decussates in spinal cord or brain - synapses with tertiary neuron in thalamus
43
Sensory Pathway Neurons: tertiary (3rd order) neuron
- interneuron (multipolar) - cell body in thalamus - sends information to somatosensory cortex
44
Somatic Motor Pathways
* Control skeletal muscle * Involve 2-3 neurons  Upper motor neurons - “Descending” tracts - Begin in motor cortex, cerebral nuclei, brainstem nuclei * Substantia nigra, striatum - Excite or inhibit lower motor neurons  Lower motor neurons - “Efferent” pathways - Begin in cranial nerve nucleus or anterior horn of spinal cord - Synapse with effectors
45
Direct pathway
- Conscious voluntary control - Involves 2 neurons  Upper motor neuron  Originates at precentral gyrus of cerebral cortex  Axon part of one of two corticospinal tracts * Lateral corticospinal tract * Anterior corticospinal tract  Lower motor neuron  Originates in anterior gray horn of spinal cord  Synapses with skeletal muscle
46
direct pathway: Lateral corticospinal tract
- Decussates in medulla - Targets appendicular skeletal muscle - 85% of direct pathway neurons
47
direct pathway: Anterior corticospinal tract
- Does not decussate - Targets axial skeletal muscle - 15% of direct pathway neurons
48
Indirect Pathway
Unconscious, reflexiven control - lateral pathway - medial pathway
49
indirect: lateral pathway
- Precise, discrete movement of limbs - Lateral corticospinal tract and rubrospinal tract (tegmentum to spinal cord)
50
indirect: medial pathway
- Muscle tone and movement of axial muscles - Face, head, neck, trunk
51
Anterior nerve root
Axons of motor neurons Cell bodies located in anterior and lateral horns
52
Posterior nerve root
Axons of sensory neurons Cell bodies located in posterior root ganglion
53
where does spinal nerve exit spinal column
intervertebral foramen
54
Spinal nerve branches: Posterior ramus
Innervates muscles and skin of back
55
Spinal nerve branches: Anterior ramus
Innervates trunk, upper and lower limbs
56
Spinal nerve branches: Rami communicantes
Small branches of autonomic fibers
57
Nerve Plexus
* Network of branching spinal nerves * Provide a backup system for sensory and motor function  Cervical plexus  Brachial plexus  Lumbar plexus  Sacral plexus * Give rise to peripheral (named) peripheral nerves
58
cervical plexus
- C1-C5 - innervates neck, head, shoulders - phrenic nerve: innervates diaphragm
59
phrenic nerve
innervates diaphragm
60
brachial plexus
- C6-T1 - innervates upper extremities - axillary nerve (deltoid) - median nerve (ant. forearm) - radial nerve (post./lat. forearm) - ulnar nerve (medial forearm)
61
Lumbar plexus
- L1-L5 - femoral nerve (hip, ant. thigh) - obturator nerve (medial thigh)
62
Sacral plexus
- S1-S5 - sciatic nerve (glutes, post. thigh) - longest and largest nerve in the body - tibial nerve (hams, adductors) - common fibular nerve (knee and leg movers)
63
Dermatomes
An area of skin supplied by sensory neurons of a single spinal nerve - Borders overlap - Some overlap of function - Referred pain
64
reflexes
- Shortest neural pathway from stimulus to response - Survival mechanism - Involuntary - Stimulus - Sensory neuron - Interneuron (maybe) - Motor neuron - Effector
65
Spinal Reflex Classifications
- Spinal or cranial - Somatic or visceral - Monosynaptic or polysynaptic - Ipsilateral or contralateral - Innate or acquired - Salivation, vomiting
66
Golgi-Tendon Reflex
- Monitors tension in tendon - Inhibits tonic contractions - IPSPs to agonist muscle -Involuntary relaxation - Spinal - Polysynaptic - Somatic - Ipsilateral - Innate - Reciprocal activation - EPSPs to antagonist muscle
67
Stretch reflex
- “Muscle spindle fiber” - Senses speed and force of contraction - Recruits more motor units - EPSPs to agonist - Involuntary contraction - Spinal - Monosynaptic - Somatic/autonomic - Ipsilateral - Innate - Reciprocal inhibition - IPSPs to antagonist muscle
68
Withdrawal reflex
- Initiated by pain receptors - EPSPs to agonist muscle - Contracts body part away from painful stimulus
69
Crossed-extensor reflex
- Occurs with withdrawal reflex - EPSPs to contralateral extensors - Stabilizes body
70
Reflex Testing
Reflexes tested for diagnosis r/t muscles, nerves, spinal cord segments
71
Hypoactive reflex
Damage to spinal cord or muscle disease
72
Hyperactive reflex
- Damage to brain or spinal cord - Clonus: Rhythmic, oscillating movements with reflex testing

A&P 1 (29 decks)

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